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<p><i>Naegleria fowleri</i> is a free-living amoeba, which causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in warm freshwater habitats. In Pakistan few reports are available on incidence of <i>N. fowleri</i> in humans. Recently, in 2023 an outbreak was reported in Islamabad, Pakistan, reflecting its emergence. The current study was designed to access the knowledge, attitudes, practices, risk factors, perceptions, believes, management, interventions, and one-health regarding <i>N. fowleri</i>. A cross-sectional study was carried out by using standardized questionnaires to collect quantitative information on knowledge, attitudes, and preventive measures along with other parameters about <i>N. fowleri</i> from rural and urban settings. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used in the study to clarify the connections between attitudes, knowledge, and demographic variables. Statistical methods were employed to determine mean, standard deviation, <i>t</i>-statistics, and <i>p</i>-values for each path in a structural equation model. The results depict the weak knowledge of people regarding the disease and following poor practices. It also highlights the significance of education in shaping people's behavior and understanding of health through knowledge and attitude. When it comes to choosing actions relating to one's health, knowledge appeared to be essential. Age and attitudes have a notable negative connection, suggesting that opinions about health vary throughout generations. Family size has a significant effect on how knowledge grows, which emphasizes the significance of families in this area. The relationship between occupation and attitude is favorable, indicating that a person's career greatly influences their ability to acquire knowledge and shapes their opinions on health. While residence does not seem to affect knowledge, it does have a positive correlation with attitude, suggesting the effect of one's living environment. The current research emphasizes complex interactions that shape people's attitudes and knowledge about health in connection to education, demography, and occupational considerations.</p>

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Naegleria Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, Perceptions, Beliefs, Risk Factors, Management, Interventions, and One-Health from Highly Vulnerable Rural and Urban Settings of Pakistan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月22日

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  • Bazzil Muzaffar Khan,
  • Rana Muhammad Kamran Shabbir,
  • Guo-Jing Yang,
  • Abid Ali,
  • Haroon Ahmed

摘要

Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba, which causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in warm freshwater habitats. In Pakistan few reports are available on incidence of N. fowleri in humans. Recently, in 2023 an outbreak was reported in Islamabad, Pakistan, reflecting its emergence. The current study was designed to access the knowledge, attitudes, practices, risk factors, perceptions, believes, management, interventions, and one-health regarding N. fowleri. A cross-sectional study was carried out by using standardized questionnaires to collect quantitative information on knowledge, attitudes, and preventive measures along with other parameters about N. fowleri from rural and urban settings. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used in the study to clarify the connections between attitudes, knowledge, and demographic variables. Statistical methods were employed to determine mean, standard deviation, t-statistics, and p-values for each path in a structural equation model. The results depict the weak knowledge of people regarding the disease and following poor practices. It also highlights the significance of education in shaping people's behavior and understanding of health through knowledge and attitude. When it comes to choosing actions relating to one's health, knowledge appeared to be essential. Age and attitudes have a notable negative connection, suggesting that opinions about health vary throughout generations. Family size has a significant effect on how knowledge grows, which emphasizes the significance of families in this area. The relationship between occupation and attitude is favorable, indicating that a person's career greatly influences their ability to acquire knowledge and shapes their opinions on health. While residence does not seem to affect knowledge, it does have a positive correlation with attitude, suggesting the effect of one's living environment. The current research emphasizes complex interactions that shape people's attitudes and knowledge about health in connection to education, demography, and occupational considerations.