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Aim <p>As plant-based diets gain popularity worldwide, ensuring adequate nutrient intake has become an even more important issue. This applies especially to micronutrients less available in vegan diets, such as choline and selenium. The aim of this investigation therefore is to assess whether a vegan diet can meet the recommendations of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) and the Austrian Nutrition Society (ÖGE), with particular focus on choline and selenium, and to translate these findings into a revised Giessen Vegan Food Pyramid.</p> Subject and methods <p>A 14-day meal plan was developed using seasonal vegan recipes with foods commonly used in Germany. Nutrient adequacy was assessed using data from a compiled multi-source database combining <i>Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel</i> (Germany), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, Europe), <i>Fødevaredatabanken</i> (Denmark), and United States Department of Agriculture (United States of America) sources. The meal plan was iteratively adjusted and compared to EFSA (choline and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids) and DGE/ÖGE (all other nutrients) dietary reference values (DRVs) for healthy adults.</p> Results <p>The developed vegan meal plan met the recommended intake levels for most macro- and micronutrients. Choline content reached the adequate intake level, whereas selenium content remained below the DRVs when Brazil nuts were not included. Other micronutrients, primarily vitamin B12 and vitamin D, were not adequately covered without supplementation.</p> Conclusion <p>While a well-planned vegan diet can cover most nutritional needs, ensuring adequacy for choline and selenium requires targeted food choices or supplementation. For practical implication of these finding, the Giessen Vegan Food Pyramid was revised.</p>

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Update of the Giessen Vegan Food Pyramid with special consideration of the adequacy of choline and selenium in a vegan meal plan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Benita Koch,
  • Joelina Dietrich,
  • Sandra Müller,
  • Stine Weder,
  • Markus Keller

摘要

Aim

As plant-based diets gain popularity worldwide, ensuring adequate nutrient intake has become an even more important issue. This applies especially to micronutrients less available in vegan diets, such as choline and selenium. The aim of this investigation therefore is to assess whether a vegan diet can meet the recommendations of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) and the Austrian Nutrition Society (ÖGE), with particular focus on choline and selenium, and to translate these findings into a revised Giessen Vegan Food Pyramid.

Subject and methods

A 14-day meal plan was developed using seasonal vegan recipes with foods commonly used in Germany. Nutrient adequacy was assessed using data from a compiled multi-source database combining Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (Germany), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, Europe), Fødevaredatabanken (Denmark), and United States Department of Agriculture (United States of America) sources. The meal plan was iteratively adjusted and compared to EFSA (choline and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids) and DGE/ÖGE (all other nutrients) dietary reference values (DRVs) for healthy adults.

Results

The developed vegan meal plan met the recommended intake levels for most macro- and micronutrients. Choline content reached the adequate intake level, whereas selenium content remained below the DRVs when Brazil nuts were not included. Other micronutrients, primarily vitamin B12 and vitamin D, were not adequately covered without supplementation.

Conclusion

While a well-planned vegan diet can cover most nutritional needs, ensuring adequacy for choline and selenium requires targeted food choices or supplementation. For practical implication of these finding, the Giessen Vegan Food Pyramid was revised.