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<p>Colluvial landslides along gently inclined interfaces between deposits and red beds represent a significant, yet mechanically poorly understood, hazard in the Sichuan Basin, China. This study investigates the failure mechanism of the 2022 Aiziping landslide in Tongjiang County by integrating site reconnaissance, laboratory testing, finite element seepage analysis, and stability assessment. The results show that toe excavation for roadway construction preconditioned the landslide by creating preferential infiltration pathways, while the excavated free face impeded groundwater drainage. Subsequent rainfall generated a distinct pore-water pressure distribution, characterized by sustained suction in the mid-rear section and rising positive pressure at the slope toe. This hydraulic heterogeneity drove spatially differential soil softening and strength loss, progressively lowering the factor of safety below unity along two sliding surfaces, and leading to a two-stage retrogressive failure. The failure mechanism is, therefore, governed by excavation-induced hydrogeological change followed by rainfall-triggered soil softening and pore-pressure increase at the poorly drained toe, suggesting that the post-excavation groundwater table at the slope toe can serve as a critical factor controlling slope stability, and that appropriate reinforcement and drainage measures after excavation are essential for risk mitigation in similar geological settings.</p>

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How toe excavation and rainfall triggered the 2022 Aiziping colluvial landslide overlying gentle red beds in Tongjiang, SW China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月23日

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  • Demin Xue,
  • Shuai Zhang,
  • Shuairong Wang,
  • Jibing Tang,
  • Zhongteng Wu

摘要

Colluvial landslides along gently inclined interfaces between deposits and red beds represent a significant, yet mechanically poorly understood, hazard in the Sichuan Basin, China. This study investigates the failure mechanism of the 2022 Aiziping landslide in Tongjiang County by integrating site reconnaissance, laboratory testing, finite element seepage analysis, and stability assessment. The results show that toe excavation for roadway construction preconditioned the landslide by creating preferential infiltration pathways, while the excavated free face impeded groundwater drainage. Subsequent rainfall generated a distinct pore-water pressure distribution, characterized by sustained suction in the mid-rear section and rising positive pressure at the slope toe. This hydraulic heterogeneity drove spatially differential soil softening and strength loss, progressively lowering the factor of safety below unity along two sliding surfaces, and leading to a two-stage retrogressive failure. The failure mechanism is, therefore, governed by excavation-induced hydrogeological change followed by rainfall-triggered soil softening and pore-pressure increase at the poorly drained toe, suggesting that the post-excavation groundwater table at the slope toe can serve as a critical factor controlling slope stability, and that appropriate reinforcement and drainage measures after excavation are essential for risk mitigation in similar geological settings.