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<p>This study investigates the catastrophic reactivation of an ancient landslide complex in Zhanjiaping Village, China, which occurred on September 9, 2021. To understand the failure mechanisms and triggering factors of this event, we conducted a comprehensive investigation, including geological mapping, geotechnical testing, numerical simulation and analysis of rainfall, and multi-source remote sensing data. Our findings reveal that partial reactivation of an ancient landslide occurred within a synclinal structure and was triggered by a combination of factors, including impact forces and surcharge loading effects induced by the bedding-controlled rockslide and the softening effect of continuous rainfall infiltration. Notably, the structural and tectonic damage of the soft-hard interbedded layers on the northeastern flank of the syncline is an important factor for the initiation of bedding-controlled rockslide. Moreover, the dynamic changes of landslides before, during, and after the disaster were reconstructed and tracked by integrating multi-source remote sensing data from optical satellites, radar satellites, and UAV platforms. The pre-failure displacement monitoring results show that the maximum LOS displacement in the source area of the bedding-controlled rockslide reaches 126.1&#xa0;mm, and there is a strong correlation between rainfall and displacement rate. Pixel offset tracking shows that the in-landslide maximum displacement is 129&#xa0;m, with a displacement direction of 241°. The multi-temporal UAV-based photogrammetric 3D mapping indicates that the reactivated deposits exhibited steering behavior during its movement, shifting from movement toward the synclinal core (238°) to the dip direction of syncline axis (319°). In addition, the discrete element numerical simulation also demonstrates the controlling effect of geological structures on the landslide dynamic process. Results emphasize the importance of structural geology and multi-temporal remote sensing techniques in investigating the lifecycle evolution and failure mechanism of landslides, which provide valuable support for landslide research.</p>

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Characteristics and mechanism of an ancient landslide reactivation controlled by geostructure and extreme rainfall

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Zhaoyue Yu,
  • Jiewei Zhan,
  • Jianqi Zhuang,
  • Wu Zhu,
  • Zhaowei Yao,
  • Jianbing Peng

摘要

This study investigates the catastrophic reactivation of an ancient landslide complex in Zhanjiaping Village, China, which occurred on September 9, 2021. To understand the failure mechanisms and triggering factors of this event, we conducted a comprehensive investigation, including geological mapping, geotechnical testing, numerical simulation and analysis of rainfall, and multi-source remote sensing data. Our findings reveal that partial reactivation of an ancient landslide occurred within a synclinal structure and was triggered by a combination of factors, including impact forces and surcharge loading effects induced by the bedding-controlled rockslide and the softening effect of continuous rainfall infiltration. Notably, the structural and tectonic damage of the soft-hard interbedded layers on the northeastern flank of the syncline is an important factor for the initiation of bedding-controlled rockslide. Moreover, the dynamic changes of landslides before, during, and after the disaster were reconstructed and tracked by integrating multi-source remote sensing data from optical satellites, radar satellites, and UAV platforms. The pre-failure displacement monitoring results show that the maximum LOS displacement in the source area of the bedding-controlled rockslide reaches 126.1 mm, and there is a strong correlation between rainfall and displacement rate. Pixel offset tracking shows that the in-landslide maximum displacement is 129 m, with a displacement direction of 241°. The multi-temporal UAV-based photogrammetric 3D mapping indicates that the reactivated deposits exhibited steering behavior during its movement, shifting from movement toward the synclinal core (238°) to the dip direction of syncline axis (319°). In addition, the discrete element numerical simulation also demonstrates the controlling effect of geological structures on the landslide dynamic process. Results emphasize the importance of structural geology and multi-temporal remote sensing techniques in investigating the lifecycle evolution and failure mechanism of landslides, which provide valuable support for landslide research.