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<p>The Longxigou landslide in Wenchuan is located in a mountainous gorge region and has continued to expand since its initial deformation in 2015. It has developed into an extremely large landslide covering approximately 3.6 × 10<sup>5</sup> m<sup>2</sup>, posing a serious threat to nearby residents. The deforming surface of this landslide consists of a gently inclined rear deforming surface and a steeply inclined frontal deforming surface, forming a distinct composite slip structure. The complexity of this structure presents significant challenges for individual monitoring technologies in accurately capturing multi-scale deformations across the different deforming surfaces. To overcome the monitoring constraints imposed by dual-surface geometry, this study integrates three remote sensing technologies: Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) to achieve comprehensive and precise monitoring of surface displacements across various orientations of the landslide body. For the slow deformation occurring along the gently inclined rear deforming surface, time-series InSAR analysis using Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 data reveals an average annual deformation rate exceeding 100&#xa0;mm/year, which correlates strongly with rainfall patterns. UAV photogrammetry further detects centimeter-scale tensile cracks in this area. To monitor the rapid deformation along the steeply inclined frontal deforming surface, this study proposes a pile-based TLS scanning method, which successfully identifies significant deformation zones along the landslide margins, with displacements reaching up to 3.5&#xa0;m within a 20-day period. By leveraging multi-source and long-term observations, this study reconstructs the 10-year evolutionary process of the Longxigou landslide, encompassing the stages of initial creep, acceleration of rear-edge deformation, prominent deformation in key zones, and the development of cracks along with continuous boundary expansion, thereby providing valuable insights for future monitoring of high-risk slopes.</p>

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Decadal evolution and dynamics of the Longxigou landslide’s composite deforming surface revealed by space-air-ground investigation strategy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Shumin Feng,
  • Keren Dai,
  • Zhiyu Li,
  • Peng Zeng,
  • Weiwei Tian,
  • Xiquan Wang,
  • Yanfei Kang,
  • Hong Xu,
  • Lichuan Chen

摘要

The Longxigou landslide in Wenchuan is located in a mountainous gorge region and has continued to expand since its initial deformation in 2015. It has developed into an extremely large landslide covering approximately 3.6 × 105 m2, posing a serious threat to nearby residents. The deforming surface of this landslide consists of a gently inclined rear deforming surface and a steeply inclined frontal deforming surface, forming a distinct composite slip structure. The complexity of this structure presents significant challenges for individual monitoring technologies in accurately capturing multi-scale deformations across the different deforming surfaces. To overcome the monitoring constraints imposed by dual-surface geometry, this study integrates three remote sensing technologies: Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) to achieve comprehensive and precise monitoring of surface displacements across various orientations of the landslide body. For the slow deformation occurring along the gently inclined rear deforming surface, time-series InSAR analysis using Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 data reveals an average annual deformation rate exceeding 100 mm/year, which correlates strongly with rainfall patterns. UAV photogrammetry further detects centimeter-scale tensile cracks in this area. To monitor the rapid deformation along the steeply inclined frontal deforming surface, this study proposes a pile-based TLS scanning method, which successfully identifies significant deformation zones along the landslide margins, with displacements reaching up to 3.5 m within a 20-day period. By leveraging multi-source and long-term observations, this study reconstructs the 10-year evolutionary process of the Longxigou landslide, encompassing the stages of initial creep, acceleration of rear-edge deformation, prominent deformation in key zones, and the development of cracks along with continuous boundary expansion, thereby providing valuable insights for future monitoring of high-risk slopes.