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<p>The frequency of transitions from rock-ice avalanches to debris flows has increased in recent years, often leading to serious casualties and economic losses. In response, a three-phase depth-averaged model is applied to study the transition processes between these disasters. Factors such as particle size, water cohesion, and pore water saturation are incorporated to describe the transition process more elaborately. A second-order numerical method, combining the finite volume method with an HLLC Riemann solver, is employed to solve the model equations. Simulations were conducted using drum experiments and a practical case from September 7, 2021, in Chamoli, India. The results demonstrate that the used numerical approach effectively captures the fundamental characteristics of the transition process from rock-ice avalanches to debris flows. Increased fluid viscosity slows the transformation rate of rock-ice avalanches by decreasing the velocity of the solid phase, thereby reducing heat generation. The transformation rate also varies with changes in particle size due to alterations in particle contact area and, consequently, the heat generation rate. These results may enhance the understanding of the transition process from rock-ice avalanches to debris flows, and therefore the disaster mitigation and prediction.</p>

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A numerical study of the transition process from rock-ice avalanche to debris flow

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Wei Liu,
  • Benhong Xiang,
  • Jihao Jian,
  • Siming He,
  • Lanhai Li

摘要

The frequency of transitions from rock-ice avalanches to debris flows has increased in recent years, often leading to serious casualties and economic losses. In response, a three-phase depth-averaged model is applied to study the transition processes between these disasters. Factors such as particle size, water cohesion, and pore water saturation are incorporated to describe the transition process more elaborately. A second-order numerical method, combining the finite volume method with an HLLC Riemann solver, is employed to solve the model equations. Simulations were conducted using drum experiments and a practical case from September 7, 2021, in Chamoli, India. The results demonstrate that the used numerical approach effectively captures the fundamental characteristics of the transition process from rock-ice avalanches to debris flows. Increased fluid viscosity slows the transformation rate of rock-ice avalanches by decreasing the velocity of the solid phase, thereby reducing heat generation. The transformation rate also varies with changes in particle size due to alterations in particle contact area and, consequently, the heat generation rate. These results may enhance the understanding of the transition process from rock-ice avalanches to debris flows, and therefore the disaster mitigation and prediction.