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<p>Rock-ice avalanches have arisen repeatedly worldwide in recent years and have caused widespread concern. Related studies have revealed the effect of the low density and low friction properties of ice particles on the dynamics of dry rock-ice avalanches. To investigate how the property differences between rock and ice can further affect the deposition of rock-ice avalanches, laboratory flume tests are performed focused on the accumulation process of rock-ice granular flow. All the tests were set up with initial ice overlying conditions, and control factors considered included volumetric ice content (25%, 50%, 75%) and ice particle size (fine, medium, coarse). Our findings show that surface ice particles exhibit better mobility during the deposition process, while the underlying rock particles complete the deposition faster, as reflected in the increasing ice-rock horizontal segregation index. And, the more efficient segregation of the coarse ice-containing system suggests that rich sieving channels are established within the granular flow at a high ice-rock particle size ratio (<i>Sr</i>). Further, the statistics show that final deposits with high ice content (75%) or coarse ice particles (<i>Sr</i>, 4.0) exhibit lower surface slopes, longer transport distances, and higher segregation degrees. Analysis of basal stress and system energy budget indicates that basal friction energy dissipation is less for granular flows that are ice-rich, and collision energy dissipation is less for granular flows containing coarse ice particles, contributing to the depositional results described above. The experimental observations show that cumulative and overlaying deposition modes tend to generate when the system ice content is lower and higher, respectively. We suggest the different depositional behaviors are controlled by the surface friction coefficient of the transition deposition layer and the system ice-rock fraction, which also determines the deposit’s final morphology. Finally, the influence of the material initial layering state and the flume connector shape on the travel angle and accumulation of the granular flow is discussed. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the depositional behavior of rock-ice avalanches without the ice-melting issue involved.</p>

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Experimental investigation of dry rock-ice avalanches depositional behavior using granular materials: initial ice-overlying case

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Wenbin Chang,
  • Aiguo Xing

摘要

Rock-ice avalanches have arisen repeatedly worldwide in recent years and have caused widespread concern. Related studies have revealed the effect of the low density and low friction properties of ice particles on the dynamics of dry rock-ice avalanches. To investigate how the property differences between rock and ice can further affect the deposition of rock-ice avalanches, laboratory flume tests are performed focused on the accumulation process of rock-ice granular flow. All the tests were set up with initial ice overlying conditions, and control factors considered included volumetric ice content (25%, 50%, 75%) and ice particle size (fine, medium, coarse). Our findings show that surface ice particles exhibit better mobility during the deposition process, while the underlying rock particles complete the deposition faster, as reflected in the increasing ice-rock horizontal segregation index. And, the more efficient segregation of the coarse ice-containing system suggests that rich sieving channels are established within the granular flow at a high ice-rock particle size ratio (Sr). Further, the statistics show that final deposits with high ice content (75%) or coarse ice particles (Sr, 4.0) exhibit lower surface slopes, longer transport distances, and higher segregation degrees. Analysis of basal stress and system energy budget indicates that basal friction energy dissipation is less for granular flows that are ice-rich, and collision energy dissipation is less for granular flows containing coarse ice particles, contributing to the depositional results described above. The experimental observations show that cumulative and overlaying deposition modes tend to generate when the system ice content is lower and higher, respectively. We suggest the different depositional behaviors are controlled by the surface friction coefficient of the transition deposition layer and the system ice-rock fraction, which also determines the deposit’s final morphology. Finally, the influence of the material initial layering state and the flume connector shape on the travel angle and accumulation of the granular flow is discussed. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the depositional behavior of rock-ice avalanches without the ice-melting issue involved.