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<p>Under the backdrop of global climate variability, heavy rainfall has heightened the risk of reactivation of ancient landslides. However, research on the evidence and formation mechanisms of ancient landslides remains relatively limited. At 2:35 a.m. on July 2, 2024, a large ancient rock landslide was reactivated in Lichuan city, Enshi Prefecture, Hubei Province, China, due to heavy rainfall. The landslide involved 284× 10<sup>4</sup> m<sup>3</sup> of rock and soil, causing property losses amounting to 92 million yuan. Through onsite geological investigations, drilling, geophysical exploration, monitoring data analysis, and numerical modelling, the material composition, hydrogeological conditions, deformation characteristics, and reactivation mechanism of the Nashuixi (NSX) landslide were systematically studied. The NSX landslide is identified as an ancient landslide based on topographic and geomorphologic features, geological structure, and the presence of decayed trees and ancient landslide zones. In addition, numerical simulations were performed to quantitatively analyse the evolution of landslide stability. The results show that the lithology of strata, topographic characteristics, tectonic activity, and properties of sliding masses constitute the fundamental conditions for landslide formation, whereas slope cutting and heavy rainfall serve as triggers of landslide reactivation. The development of fault zones and karst caves leads to significant groundwater accumulation, thereby increasing the groundwater table. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure and uplift pressure acting on the sliding mass increase, ultimately contributing to the reactivation of the landslide. In addition, a geological model illustrating the reactivation process of landslides was constructed. The reactivation process is divided into three stages: the initial deformation stage in Influence Zone I (Zone I), the deformation expansion stage, and the sliding stage in the main slip area. This study provides a foundation for understanding the reactivation mechanisms of ancient landslides in tectonic and karst regions.</p>

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Reactivation mechanism of a large ancient rock landslide triggered by heavy rainfall in a tectonic and karst region in Lichuan, China, on July 2, 2024

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Dajin Zhang,
  • Guangli Xu,
  • Maoyu Gao,
  • Guiyuan Xiao,
  • Taiyi Chen,
  • Neng Zhang,
  • Xiaohong Huang,
  • Zihang He

摘要

Under the backdrop of global climate variability, heavy rainfall has heightened the risk of reactivation of ancient landslides. However, research on the evidence and formation mechanisms of ancient landslides remains relatively limited. At 2:35 a.m. on July 2, 2024, a large ancient rock landslide was reactivated in Lichuan city, Enshi Prefecture, Hubei Province, China, due to heavy rainfall. The landslide involved 284× 104 m3 of rock and soil, causing property losses amounting to 92 million yuan. Through onsite geological investigations, drilling, geophysical exploration, monitoring data analysis, and numerical modelling, the material composition, hydrogeological conditions, deformation characteristics, and reactivation mechanism of the Nashuixi (NSX) landslide were systematically studied. The NSX landslide is identified as an ancient landslide based on topographic and geomorphologic features, geological structure, and the presence of decayed trees and ancient landslide zones. In addition, numerical simulations were performed to quantitatively analyse the evolution of landslide stability. The results show that the lithology of strata, topographic characteristics, tectonic activity, and properties of sliding masses constitute the fundamental conditions for landslide formation, whereas slope cutting and heavy rainfall serve as triggers of landslide reactivation. The development of fault zones and karst caves leads to significant groundwater accumulation, thereby increasing the groundwater table. As a result, the hydrostatic pressure and uplift pressure acting on the sliding mass increase, ultimately contributing to the reactivation of the landslide. In addition, a geological model illustrating the reactivation process of landslides was constructed. The reactivation process is divided into three stages: the initial deformation stage in Influence Zone I (Zone I), the deformation expansion stage, and the sliding stage in the main slip area. This study provides a foundation for understanding the reactivation mechanisms of ancient landslides in tectonic and karst regions.