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<p>On 12 July 2024, a short-duration intense rainfall event in Pengshui County, Chongqing, China, delivered most (&gt; 90%) of total rainfall within just 4&#xa0;h (04:00–07:00 local time) and triggered 143 landslides within an area of approximately10 km<sup>2</sup>. This event provided a valuable opportunity to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of landslide response to extreme rainfall. Detailed field investigations combined with interpretation of high-resolution UAV imagery (0.2&#xa0;m) revealed two key characteristics in landslide distribution: (1) the dense landslide cluster occurred in areas experiencing only 125–150&#xa0;mm/day of rainfall, rather than in the rainfall center (&gt; 220&#xa0;mm/day); and (2) landslide activity varied significantly between areas with similar rainfall intensities, even across riverbanks less than 50&#xa0;m apart. Landslide-prone slopes were dominated by steep gradients and fractured sandstone near fold axes, whereas landslide-free slopes consisted of intact thick-bedded Limestone. Frequency ratio analysis further demonstrated that Lithology, slope gradient, and proximity to structural features exerted the strongest control on landslide occurrence, with their frequency ratio about 10 times higher than the neutral value. These findings underscore that landslide occurrence and distribution during extreme rainfall is governed by the interplay between precipitation and geological–geomorphological conditions, rather than rainfall intensity alone. By elucidating the spatial variability in landslide responses to rainfall and their controlling factors, this study offers important insights for enhancing the accuracy of early warning systems and improving hazard reduction strategies.&#xa0;</p>

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Spatial heterogeneity in landslide response to a short-duration intense rainfall event on 12 July 2024 in Pengshui County, Chongqing, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月26日

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  • Xiaoxu Xie,
  • Shuhao Liu,
  • Renato Macciotta,
  • Juan Du,
  • Jun Jiang,
  • Qingli Liu,
  • Kunlong Yin,
  • Jie Hu,
  • Han Zhang

摘要

On 12 July 2024, a short-duration intense rainfall event in Pengshui County, Chongqing, China, delivered most (> 90%) of total rainfall within just 4 h (04:00–07:00 local time) and triggered 143 landslides within an area of approximately10 km2. This event provided a valuable opportunity to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of landslide response to extreme rainfall. Detailed field investigations combined with interpretation of high-resolution UAV imagery (0.2 m) revealed two key characteristics in landslide distribution: (1) the dense landslide cluster occurred in areas experiencing only 125–150 mm/day of rainfall, rather than in the rainfall center (> 220 mm/day); and (2) landslide activity varied significantly between areas with similar rainfall intensities, even across riverbanks less than 50 m apart. Landslide-prone slopes were dominated by steep gradients and fractured sandstone near fold axes, whereas landslide-free slopes consisted of intact thick-bedded Limestone. Frequency ratio analysis further demonstrated that Lithology, slope gradient, and proximity to structural features exerted the strongest control on landslide occurrence, with their frequency ratio about 10 times higher than the neutral value. These findings underscore that landslide occurrence and distribution during extreme rainfall is governed by the interplay between precipitation and geological–geomorphological conditions, rather than rainfall intensity alone. By elucidating the spatial variability in landslide responses to rainfall and their controlling factors, this study offers important insights for enhancing the accuracy of early warning systems and improving hazard reduction strategies.