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<p>Toppling deformation is crucial in limiting large-scale landslides in mountainous gorge regions. However, the mechanisms driving the collaborative evolution of shallow and deep-seated toppling deformation under complex geological conditions remain underexplored. This study uses the typical Meilishi toppling landslide, located along the Lancang River, integrating SBAS-InSAR and centrifuge testing to analyze the landslide’s deformation evolution. Results reveal that the Meilishi landslide is currently undergoing creep deformation at high altitude, with a maximum deformation rate of − 10 mm/a over the past six years. Centrifuge testing revealed that the landslide exhibits characteristics of sudden instability following a prolonged period of slow accumulation. The deformation process could be divided into four stages: micro-deformation, toppling deformation, slipping surface formation and instability (penetration of locking segments), and sliding. Systematic analysis identified the penetration of cracks in the middle hard rock locking segments as the key factor transforming toppling deformation into a landslide. Based on these findings, this study proposes a geomechanical model of “front soft rock creep–middle hard rock locking–rear soft rock tensile rupture,” which clarifies the dual role of the middle hard rock locking segments in both shallow toppling and deep-seated sliding. The reliability of the model is further validated through normalized deformation rate analysis comparing InSAR and centrifuge testing. The study demonstrates that the integration of InSAR and centrifuge testing can effectively reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of landslide deformation, providing valuable insights into the formation and evolution mechanisms of toppling landslides in complex geological settings.</p>

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Insights into toppling deformation mechanisms of high-altitude landslides through integrated InSAR and centrifuge modeling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月7日

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  • Shichao Cao,
  • Xiujun Dong,
  • Changbao Guo,
  • Yiqiu Yan,
  • Hao Yuan,
  • Feng Jin,
  • Zeyuan Liao,
  • Yuwei Ling

摘要

Toppling deformation is crucial in limiting large-scale landslides in mountainous gorge regions. However, the mechanisms driving the collaborative evolution of shallow and deep-seated toppling deformation under complex geological conditions remain underexplored. This study uses the typical Meilishi toppling landslide, located along the Lancang River, integrating SBAS-InSAR and centrifuge testing to analyze the landslide’s deformation evolution. Results reveal that the Meilishi landslide is currently undergoing creep deformation at high altitude, with a maximum deformation rate of − 10 mm/a over the past six years. Centrifuge testing revealed that the landslide exhibits characteristics of sudden instability following a prolonged period of slow accumulation. The deformation process could be divided into four stages: micro-deformation, toppling deformation, slipping surface formation and instability (penetration of locking segments), and sliding. Systematic analysis identified the penetration of cracks in the middle hard rock locking segments as the key factor transforming toppling deformation into a landslide. Based on these findings, this study proposes a geomechanical model of “front soft rock creep–middle hard rock locking–rear soft rock tensile rupture,” which clarifies the dual role of the middle hard rock locking segments in both shallow toppling and deep-seated sliding. The reliability of the model is further validated through normalized deformation rate analysis comparing InSAR and centrifuge testing. The study demonstrates that the integration of InSAR and centrifuge testing can effectively reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of landslide deformation, providing valuable insights into the formation and evolution mechanisms of toppling landslides in complex geological settings.