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<p>Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne zoonotic pathogen of major public health concern, maintained through complex ecological interactions between <i>Hyalomma</i> ticks and a wide range of vertebrate hosts. Across endemic regions, wildlife frequently exhibits serological evidence of exposure and serve as important maintenance hosts sustaining the virus within sylvatic cycles, while ticks act as the primary vectors transmitting the virus between wildlife, livestock, and occasionally humans. Despite increasing recognition of wildlife susceptibility to CCHFV infection, their epidemiological role remains poorly understood, and existing seroprevalence studies are fragmented, heterogeneous, and geographically uneven. While previous meta-analyses have assessed CCHFV exposure in domestic hosts, a comprehensive synthesis focusing specifically on wildlife has been lacking. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify global seroprevalence of CCHFV in large wildlife. Nineteen eligible studies published up to March 2026 were included in meta-analysis. Pooled seroprevalence estimates were calculated using a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the I<sup>2</sup> statistic, and subgroup analyses were performed by wildlife taxon, geographic region, and serological method. The overall pooled seroprevalence of CCHFV in wildlife was 32.8% (Z = 7.84, p &lt; 0.001), with substantial heterogeneity across studies (I<sup>2</sup> = 98.6%, τ<sup>2</sup> = 0.082, H<sup>2</sup> = 72.1). The highest seroprevalence was observed in wild caprines (74.5%, 95% CI: 69.6–79.4), followed by cervids (58.5%, 95% CI: 57.3–59.7). Regionally, Europe showed the highest pooled seroprevalence (34.6%, 95% CI: 33.9–35.3), exceeding Africa (20.5%, 95% CI: 18.9–22.2), while Asia showed the lowest estimate (2.5%, 95% CI: 0–7.3). These findings show that wildlife is widely exposed to CCHFV and plays an important role in the virus's persistence in nature, acting as key sentinels of viral circulation. Strengthened wildlife surveillance, improved standardization of diagnostic methods, and integrated One Health approaches are essential to refine risk assessment and to mitigate spillover to domestic animals and humans.</p>

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Seroprevalence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in large wildlife: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Aziz Ul-Rahman,
  • Muhammad Abu Bakr Shabbir,
  • Muhammad Zubair Shabbir,
  • Muhammad Asif Raza

摘要

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne zoonotic pathogen of major public health concern, maintained through complex ecological interactions between Hyalomma ticks and a wide range of vertebrate hosts. Across endemic regions, wildlife frequently exhibits serological evidence of exposure and serve as important maintenance hosts sustaining the virus within sylvatic cycles, while ticks act as the primary vectors transmitting the virus between wildlife, livestock, and occasionally humans. Despite increasing recognition of wildlife susceptibility to CCHFV infection, their epidemiological role remains poorly understood, and existing seroprevalence studies are fragmented, heterogeneous, and geographically uneven. While previous meta-analyses have assessed CCHFV exposure in domestic hosts, a comprehensive synthesis focusing specifically on wildlife has been lacking. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify global seroprevalence of CCHFV in large wildlife. Nineteen eligible studies published up to March 2026 were included in meta-analysis. Pooled seroprevalence estimates were calculated using a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, and subgroup analyses were performed by wildlife taxon, geographic region, and serological method. The overall pooled seroprevalence of CCHFV in wildlife was 32.8% (Z = 7.84, p < 0.001), with substantial heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 98.6%, τ2 = 0.082, H2 = 72.1). The highest seroprevalence was observed in wild caprines (74.5%, 95% CI: 69.6–79.4), followed by cervids (58.5%, 95% CI: 57.3–59.7). Regionally, Europe showed the highest pooled seroprevalence (34.6%, 95% CI: 33.9–35.3), exceeding Africa (20.5%, 95% CI: 18.9–22.2), while Asia showed the lowest estimate (2.5%, 95% CI: 0–7.3). These findings show that wildlife is widely exposed to CCHFV and plays an important role in the virus's persistence in nature, acting as key sentinels of viral circulation. Strengthened wildlife surveillance, improved standardization of diagnostic methods, and integrated One Health approaches are essential to refine risk assessment and to mitigate spillover to domestic animals and humans.