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<p>In a&#xa0;Mediterranean context marked by water scarcity, and to mitigate agriculture’s dependence on freshwater resources, this study conducted in central Morocco investigated the effects of irrigation with treated urban wastewater (TWW) on chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i>&#xa0;L.) plants. A&#xa0;greenhouse pot experiment was carried out over eight weeks using different TWW irrigation ratios, with natural water (NW) serving as the control. Following the quantitative (m<sup>3</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>) and qualitative (T°, pH, EC, TSS, BOD<sub>5</sub>, COD, etc.) characterization of the TWW, the agro-physiological responses of chickpea, specifically plant height, shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf area, relative water content, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations, were assessed along with phenological responses. Overall, the TWW generally complied with Moroccan standards for environmental discharge. Moreover, the results revealed that irrigation with diluted TWW positively influenced plant growth and physiological parameters compared to NW, in a&#xa0;concentration-dependent manner. Among the different treatments, the most significant growth improvement (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) was observed in plants irrigated with 75% TWW (TWW:NW = 3:1, v/v), which were also the only plants to produce flowers and pods. In contrast, the plants irrigated with undiluted TWW did not produce flowers or pods, likely due to the higher salinity of the TWW. This finding was further supported by significant positive correlations between the 75% TWW treatment and the measured agro-physiological responses. In conclusion, irrigation with appropriately diluted TWW could represent a&#xa0;sustainable strategy for maintaining chickpea productivity under water-stress conditions.</p>

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Agro-Physiological and Phenological Responses of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to Irrigation with Diluted and Undiluted Treated Urban Wastewater

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Radouane Soujoud,
  • Aziz Oubenali,
  • Khadija Oukta,
  • Youssef Khachtib,
  • Tawfik El Moussaoui,
  • Sanaa Sabour Alaoui,
  • Malika Ourribane

摘要

In a Mediterranean context marked by water scarcity, and to mitigate agriculture’s dependence on freshwater resources, this study conducted in central Morocco investigated the effects of irrigation with treated urban wastewater (TWW) on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out over eight weeks using different TWW irrigation ratios, with natural water (NW) serving as the control. Following the quantitative (m3 d−1) and qualitative (T°, pH, EC, TSS, BOD5, COD, etc.) characterization of the TWW, the agro-physiological responses of chickpea, specifically plant height, shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf area, relative water content, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations, were assessed along with phenological responses. Overall, the TWW generally complied with Moroccan standards for environmental discharge. Moreover, the results revealed that irrigation with diluted TWW positively influenced plant growth and physiological parameters compared to NW, in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the different treatments, the most significant growth improvement (p < 0.05) was observed in plants irrigated with 75% TWW (TWW:NW = 3:1, v/v), which were also the only plants to produce flowers and pods. In contrast, the plants irrigated with undiluted TWW did not produce flowers or pods, likely due to the higher salinity of the TWW. This finding was further supported by significant positive correlations between the 75% TWW treatment and the measured agro-physiological responses. In conclusion, irrigation with appropriately diluted TWW could represent a sustainable strategy for maintaining chickpea productivity under water-stress conditions.