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<p>Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>&#xa0;L.) is a&#xa0;staple food for more than half of the global population but faces escalating yield losses from abiotic stresses, notably submergence, drought, salinity, heavy metals, cold, and heat. These stresses act at different developmental stages, altering growth, physiology, and grain quality through common bottlenecks in photosynthesis, water and ion balance, and reproductive development. This review provides a&#xa0;consolidated stress-wise synthesis of morpho-physiological injury and adaptive traits, associated biochemical responses (ROS dynamics, antioxidant enzymes, osmolyte accumulation, carbohydrate metabolism), and molecular regulation (ABA/ethylene/GA/BR crosstalk, Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling, and transcriptional networks including DREB, NAC, MYB, and WRKY). The key genetic hubs such as <i>SUB1A </i>(submergence), <i>q</i><i>DTY1.1</i> (drought), <i>Saltol</i> (salinity), <i>COLD1</i> (cold), <i>HSF-HSP</i> (heat), and <i>HMA3/ZIP1/NIP2</i> (heavy metals) are highlighted as central to stress tolerance. This review emphasizes integrated management approaches, nutrient and water regimes, post-stress recovery inputs, seed priming, soil amendments, microbial interventions, and nano-enabled solutions that align with physiological and molecular responses to enhance stress resilience. This article provides a&#xa0;comprehensive framework to guide breeding, agronomic management, and future research toward multi-stress tolerance and yield stability in rice under climate change by linking stage specific injury with mechanistic pathways and actionable strategies.</p>

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Morpho-physiological and Molecular Responses of Rice Under Multiple Abiotic Stresses with Adaptation and Management Perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Dipak Khanal,
  • Utsav Bhandari,
  • Shubh Pravat Singh Yadav,
  • Saroj Burlakoti,
  • Dhurba Banjade,
  • Shikha Sharma,
  • Bipana K. C.,
  • Pratima Regmi

摘要

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for more than half of the global population but faces escalating yield losses from abiotic stresses, notably submergence, drought, salinity, heavy metals, cold, and heat. These stresses act at different developmental stages, altering growth, physiology, and grain quality through common bottlenecks in photosynthesis, water and ion balance, and reproductive development. This review provides a consolidated stress-wise synthesis of morpho-physiological injury and adaptive traits, associated biochemical responses (ROS dynamics, antioxidant enzymes, osmolyte accumulation, carbohydrate metabolism), and molecular regulation (ABA/ethylene/GA/BR crosstalk, Ca2+ signaling, and transcriptional networks including DREB, NAC, MYB, and WRKY). The key genetic hubs such as SUB1A (submergence), qDTY1.1 (drought), Saltol (salinity), COLD1 (cold), HSF-HSP (heat), and HMA3/ZIP1/NIP2 (heavy metals) are highlighted as central to stress tolerance. This review emphasizes integrated management approaches, nutrient and water regimes, post-stress recovery inputs, seed priming, soil amendments, microbial interventions, and nano-enabled solutions that align with physiological and molecular responses to enhance stress resilience. This article provides a comprehensive framework to guide breeding, agronomic management, and future research toward multi-stress tolerance and yield stability in rice under climate change by linking stage specific injury with mechanistic pathways and actionable strategies.