<p>Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.), one of the most widespread coniferous species with a crucial role in forest formation, has unclear spatial boundaries between genetically assigned population groups and intraspecific taxa. Here, we modelled the ecological niches and potential distribution of population groups to clarify bioclimatic and geographic boundaries of Scots pine populations, as well as species adaptations and genetic diversity across the range. By agglomerative hierarchical clustering of climatic variables in occurrence points, we identified four bioclimatic clusters of populations in north-western, central-western, eastern and southern Eurasia. We assessed differentiation in ecological niches of bioclimatic population groups with the Kernel Density Estimation and quantitative metrics. Distribution models were built using the Maximum Entropy method. The obvious differentiation in the temperature component of ecological niches (overlap of less than 9 and 20% according to Schoner’s D and Hellinger’s I) allows Scots pine to inhabit areas with different temperature regimes. In contrast, the strong overlap in precipitation niches (20–70% by Schoner’s D and 40–91% by Hellinger’s I) confirmed the species low adaptability to precipitation factor and allows Scots pine to inhabit areas with similar precipitation regimes. The spatial localisation of bioclimatically and genetically separated population groups in different parts of the species range generally coincided. Despite Scots pine temperature tolerance, its wider distribution throughout Eurasia is limited by precipitation. Along with historical factors (expansion from the same or distant refugia), climatic conditions played an important role in the genetic differentiation of the species. Biolimatic data can clarify and supplement the genogeographic studies of Scots pine at the level of population genetic groups and, to a lesser extent, at the level of intraspecific taxa.</p>