<p>Cellular dendrochronology has increasingly been applied across the globe to investigate the eco-physiological responses of trees to environmental changes. Trees face numerous environmental stresses that impact their growth and survival. Both abiotic factors, such as drought, temperature extremes, and mineral imbalances, and biotic factors, including pests and pathogens, can significantly affect tree health. These stresses often interact, with abiotic stresses potentially enhancing or reducing susceptibility to biotic threats. Climate change exacerbates these combined stresses, leading to increased forest losses and biodiversity decline. Due to which trees may respond to climatic or other environmental stresses by changing the size, frequency, and arrangement of vessels, tracheids, or other xylem anatomical features. Hence, studying interspecific and intraspecific anatomical variation across climatic gradients, therefore, constitutes a valuable approach in tree growth research. Thus, the anatomical features in a particular tree imprint environmental signals and provide the basis for studying the impact of past climatic or other environmental changes on the physiology, ecology, and growth of trees, which is a prerequisite to predict how trees will respond to future environmental changes. Interest in this connection includes cell size, cell proportion, arrangement of different elements. However, studies on the eco-physiological responses of trees to climate concerning wood anatomy are in a developing stage and so far, limited. Hence, it is necessary to emphasize the studies on exploring the influences of environmental extremes in the present context of climate change on the wood properties of trees. Regarding this, a detailed review of existing literature on eco-physiological variations in wood anatomical characteristics of forest trees under major climate change scenario can bring insights into the existing knowledge and future research prospects.</p>