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<p>Fruit development and ripening are complex, genetically programmed processes that determine yield, quality, and market value in horticultural crops. These processes rely on the precise temporal and spatial coordination of multiple plant hormones that regulate fruit initiation, growth, maturation, and senescence. Rather than acting independently, hormones operate through highly interconnected signaling networks that involve synergistic and antagonistic interactions at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. This review provides an integrated molecular perspective on the hormonal regulation of fruit development and ripening, with emphasis on the dynamic roles of auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroids, jasmonate, and polyamines. We summarize current knowledge on hormone-driven control of fruit set, early growth, and morphology, followed by a&#xa0;detailed discussion of the hormonal promoters and inhibitors that govern ripening in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Particular attention is given to hormonal crosstalk, key transcriptional regulators, and hormone-perception modules that function as central hubs of integration. Insights from transcriptomics, metabolomics, and tissue-specific studies are highlighted to illustrate how hormonal networks fine-tune developmental transitions. Finally, we discuss future perspectives, including high-resolution hormone mapping, integrative multi-omics approaches, and targeted manipulation of hormone pathways using precision breeding and genome editing to improve fruit quality, stress resilience, and postharvest performance.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>

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Hormonal Coordination of Fruit Development and Ripening: An Integrated Molecular Perspective

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Sabir Iqbal,
  • Komal Tariq,
  • Shahzad Ali,
  • Essam Elatafi,
  • Rana Badar Aziz,
  • Basma Elhendawy,
  • Jinggui Fang

摘要

Fruit development and ripening are complex, genetically programmed processes that determine yield, quality, and market value in horticultural crops. These processes rely on the precise temporal and spatial coordination of multiple plant hormones that regulate fruit initiation, growth, maturation, and senescence. Rather than acting independently, hormones operate through highly interconnected signaling networks that involve synergistic and antagonistic interactions at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. This review provides an integrated molecular perspective on the hormonal regulation of fruit development and ripening, with emphasis on the dynamic roles of auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroids, jasmonate, and polyamines. We summarize current knowledge on hormone-driven control of fruit set, early growth, and morphology, followed by a detailed discussion of the hormonal promoters and inhibitors that govern ripening in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Particular attention is given to hormonal crosstalk, key transcriptional regulators, and hormone-perception modules that function as central hubs of integration. Insights from transcriptomics, metabolomics, and tissue-specific studies are highlighted to illustrate how hormonal networks fine-tune developmental transitions. Finally, we discuss future perspectives, including high-resolution hormone mapping, integrative multi-omics approaches, and targeted manipulation of hormone pathways using precision breeding and genome editing to improve fruit quality, stress resilience, and postharvest performance.

Graphic abstract