Unified Phenological Characterization of Fruit Crops Using the Extended BBCH Scale
摘要
This review integrates phenological research on various fruit crops utilizing the extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale to standardize and record their growth phases. The study encompasses tropical, subtropical, and temperate fruits including jamun (Syzygium cumini), rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), longan (Dimocarpus longan), walnut (Juglans regia), blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis), dragon fruit (Selenicereus undatus), sapota (Manilkara zapota), mulberry (Morus alba), guava (Psidium guajava), sweet cherry (Prunus avium), peach (Prunus persica), jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana), and hazelnut (Corylus avellana). Each study identifies 7–8 main and 36–57 secondary stages customized to the species’ specific biological and environmental responses. The BBCH system improves the comprehension of crop development, aids in region-specific orchard management, and supports agricultural choices such as pruning, irrigation, pest management, and harvest scheduling. Moreover, these standardized scales also facilitate uniform research, germplasm assessment, climate adaptation approaches, and inter-regional communication. In certain instances, such as pruned guava trees, modifications to the conventional BBCH scale were needed to consider changed phenophases. By standardizing phenological documentation across diverse fruit crops using the extended BBCH scale, this study establishes a unified framework that ensures precise species-specific tracking while enabling optimized orchard management, accurate climate adaptation, and seamless global research comparison.