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<p>Light duration and intensity are among the climatic factors that play a&#xa0;significant role in plant growth. This study was conducted to determine the effect of lighting orchards on phenological and vegetative growth in hazelnuts in Yalıköy town of Fatsa district (Ordu, Türkiye) during the vegetation periods of 2021 and 2022. In the study, the most important commercial hazelnuts ‘Tombul’, ‘Palaz’ and ‘Kalınkara’ were used in 3&#xa0;different orchards with microclimatic characteristics (according to air temperature, relative humidity and photosynthetically active radiation values) as “sunny”, “semi-sunny” and “shady”. In the study, the first leaf spread, the appearance of clusters and the full nuts maturation were evaluated as phenological parameters. The variance analysis performed for all factors examined revealed that the first leaf spread, the appearance of clusters, and the full nuts maturation, which are important in terms of growth, development, and productivity, were significantly influenced by cultivar, orchard (microclimate), and year. The results showed that in all cultivars and orchards, there were delays between 1–5&#xa0;days in the phenological growth dates examined in the second year compared to the first year. In terms of leafing dates, there was a&#xa0;delay of 1–3&#xa0;days in the shady orchard compared to other orchards, while ‘Palaz’ was the earliest leafing cultivar. In terms of the first appearance of clusters dates, 1–2&#xa0;days delay was determined from the sunny orchard to the shady orchard, while the first appearance of clusters was realized in ‘Kalınkara’, ‘Tombul’ and ‘Palaz’, respectively. In terms of full nuts maturation, while there were significant differences between the orchards, there were delays between 2–5&#xa0;days in the shady orchard, and ‘Kalınkara’ matured 3–7&#xa0;days later than the others. Analysis of variance revealed that most of the vegetative growth parameters examined differed significantly, especially according to cultivar, orchard and year. When the data from both years were evaluated together, it was observed that cultivar and year effects had a&#xa0;significant influence on a&#xa0;greater number of vegetative growth parameters during the growing period compared to the effect of light exposure levels. The light exposure of the orchards had a&#xa0;significant effect only on plant height, shoot length, leaf width, and petiole length. The greatest plant height and shoot length were recorded in the shady orchard during the second year, whereas the maximum leaf width was observed in the fully sun-exposed orchard in both years. In contrast, the highest petiole length was determined in the semi-sunny orchard in the second year. As a&#xa0;result, most of the phenological and vegetative growth parameters of hazelnut trees were significantly affected by the microclimatic conditions of the orchards, and this situation was also important depending on the cultivars and years. On the other hand, it may be recommended to consider the fact that vegetative and phenological growth may vary according to the levels of sun exposure of the orchards and plants in orchard location and cultivar selection and planning of cultural practices.</p>

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The Influence of Canopy Light Intensity On the Vegetative and Reproductive Phenology of Hazelnut Trees

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月19日

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  • Yasemin Şen Dülger,
  • Saim Zeki Bostan

摘要

Light duration and intensity are among the climatic factors that play a significant role in plant growth. This study was conducted to determine the effect of lighting orchards on phenological and vegetative growth in hazelnuts in Yalıköy town of Fatsa district (Ordu, Türkiye) during the vegetation periods of 2021 and 2022. In the study, the most important commercial hazelnuts ‘Tombul’, ‘Palaz’ and ‘Kalınkara’ were used in 3 different orchards with microclimatic characteristics (according to air temperature, relative humidity and photosynthetically active radiation values) as “sunny”, “semi-sunny” and “shady”. In the study, the first leaf spread, the appearance of clusters and the full nuts maturation were evaluated as phenological parameters. The variance analysis performed for all factors examined revealed that the first leaf spread, the appearance of clusters, and the full nuts maturation, which are important in terms of growth, development, and productivity, were significantly influenced by cultivar, orchard (microclimate), and year. The results showed that in all cultivars and orchards, there were delays between 1–5 days in the phenological growth dates examined in the second year compared to the first year. In terms of leafing dates, there was a delay of 1–3 days in the shady orchard compared to other orchards, while ‘Palaz’ was the earliest leafing cultivar. In terms of the first appearance of clusters dates, 1–2 days delay was determined from the sunny orchard to the shady orchard, while the first appearance of clusters was realized in ‘Kalınkara’, ‘Tombul’ and ‘Palaz’, respectively. In terms of full nuts maturation, while there were significant differences between the orchards, there were delays between 2–5 days in the shady orchard, and ‘Kalınkara’ matured 3–7 days later than the others. Analysis of variance revealed that most of the vegetative growth parameters examined differed significantly, especially according to cultivar, orchard and year. When the data from both years were evaluated together, it was observed that cultivar and year effects had a significant influence on a greater number of vegetative growth parameters during the growing period compared to the effect of light exposure levels. The light exposure of the orchards had a significant effect only on plant height, shoot length, leaf width, and petiole length. The greatest plant height and shoot length were recorded in the shady orchard during the second year, whereas the maximum leaf width was observed in the fully sun-exposed orchard in both years. In contrast, the highest petiole length was determined in the semi-sunny orchard in the second year. As a result, most of the phenological and vegetative growth parameters of hazelnut trees were significantly affected by the microclimatic conditions of the orchards, and this situation was also important depending on the cultivars and years. On the other hand, it may be recommended to consider the fact that vegetative and phenological growth may vary according to the levels of sun exposure of the orchards and plants in orchard location and cultivar selection and planning of cultural practices.