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<p>Climate change has reduced fruit production due to decreased precipitation, increased evapotranspiration, soil salinity and inadequate groundwater resources. This study evaluated how four irrigation water qualities—canal water (WQ1), desalinated water (WQ2), tubewell water (WQ3), and mixed (canal:tube) well water (WQ4, 1:1)—influence the physiological, biochemical, and yield attributes of a&#xa0;commercial ‘Kinnow’ orchard over 2&#xa0;consecutive years. The corresponding electrical conductivity (EC) values for canal, desaline, tubewell, and mixed water were 0.31–0.40, 0.25–0.30, 3.1–4.1, and 1.9–2.3 dS&#xa0;m<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Results showed that canal water irrigation recorded the highest photosynthetic rate (7.90 µmol m⁻<sup>2</sup> s⁻<sup>1</sup>), stomatal conductance, intercellular CO<sub>2</sub>, transpiration rate, and total chlorophyll content. In contrast, tubewell irrigation caused a&#xa0;37–40% yield reduction, elevated Na⁺ and Cl⁻ accumulation, greater electrolyte leakage, and significantly higher antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase), indicating salt-induced oxidative stress. Mixed and desalinated water performed better than tubewell water and were statistically comparable to canal water for several physiological traits. Overall, ‘Kinnow’ mandarin exhibited pronounced sensitivity to saline irrigation, and the use of mixed or desalinated water can partially mitigate salinity-induced physiological impairments and yield losses. These findings emphasize the importance of judicious water management in salt-affected citrus orchards.</p>

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Impact of Different Water Qualities Through Drip Irrigation on Yield and Physiological Parameters in a ‘Kinnow’ Orchard in the Southwestern Region of Punjab

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Harpreet Kaur,
  • M. S. Gill,
  • Anirudh Thakur,
  • O. P. Choudhary,
  • Nirmaljit Kaur

摘要

Climate change has reduced fruit production due to decreased precipitation, increased evapotranspiration, soil salinity and inadequate groundwater resources. This study evaluated how four irrigation water qualities—canal water (WQ1), desalinated water (WQ2), tubewell water (WQ3), and mixed (canal:tube) well water (WQ4, 1:1)—influence the physiological, biochemical, and yield attributes of a commercial ‘Kinnow’ orchard over 2 consecutive years. The corresponding electrical conductivity (EC) values for canal, desaline, tubewell, and mixed water were 0.31–0.40, 0.25–0.30, 3.1–4.1, and 1.9–2.3 dS m−1, respectively. Results showed that canal water irrigation recorded the highest photosynthetic rate (7.90 µmol m⁻2 s⁻1), stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2, transpiration rate, and total chlorophyll content. In contrast, tubewell irrigation caused a 37–40% yield reduction, elevated Na⁺ and Cl⁻ accumulation, greater electrolyte leakage, and significantly higher antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase), indicating salt-induced oxidative stress. Mixed and desalinated water performed better than tubewell water and were statistically comparable to canal water for several physiological traits. Overall, ‘Kinnow’ mandarin exhibited pronounced sensitivity to saline irrigation, and the use of mixed or desalinated water can partially mitigate salinity-induced physiological impairments and yield losses. These findings emphasize the importance of judicious water management in salt-affected citrus orchards.