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<p>Apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.) production is often constrained by water scarcity and inefficient fertilizer utilization, which adversely affect yield and fruit quality. Drip irrigation and fertigation system offer precise delivery of water and nutrients directly to the root zone, improving efficiency and conserving resources. The present study was conducted over two consecutive years (2021–22 and 2022–23) on the apple cultivar ‘Super Chief’ to evaluate the optimum fertigation levels for improving growth, yield, and fruit quality. The randomized factorial block design was used, comprised of 16&#xa0;treatment combinations with four irrigation regimes (D1: 100% ETc (evapotranspiration) through drip, D2: 80% ETc (drip), D3: 60% ETc (drip), D4: conventional irrigation) and four fertigation levels (N0: control, N1: 100%, N2: 75%, N3: 50% of recommended NPK dose). The results revealed that D<sub>1</sub>N<sub>1</sub> (100% ETc through drip with 100% of recommended NPK) performed best across phenological, yield, and quality traits, recording maximum flowering intensity (D<sub>1</sub>: 22.68, N<sub>1</sub>: 23.51 clusters&#xa0;m<sup>−1</sup>), fruit set (D<sub>1</sub>: 39.41%, N<sub>1</sub>: 43.09%), fruit diameter (D<sub>1</sub>: 72.17 mm, N<sub>1</sub>: 72.32 mm), fruit weight (D<sub>1</sub>: 154.32 g, N<sub>1</sub>: 155.40 g), and fruit yield (D<sub>1</sub>: 38,650 kg&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup>, N<sub>1</sub>: 40,610 kg&#xa0;ha<sup>−1</sup>). Optimal efficiency was achieved with 82.47% ETc and 87.75% NPK, reducing water and fertilizer use by 17.53% and 12.25%, respectively. This study concludes that applying 100% ETc through drip irrigation combined with 100% NPK fertigation significantly enhances phenological traits, yield, and fruit quality in apple cultivation while promoting resource sustainability.</p>

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Optimizing Irrigation and Fertigation for Phenological, Yield and Quality Traits in Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cv. ‘Super Chief’ in North-Western Himalayas

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月5日

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  • Kapil Sharma,
  • J. C. Sharma,
  • Rohit Sharma,
  • Saurabh Sharma,
  • Manisha Negi,
  • S. Ananthakrishnan,
  • Heena Sharma

摘要

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) production is often constrained by water scarcity and inefficient fertilizer utilization, which adversely affect yield and fruit quality. Drip irrigation and fertigation system offer precise delivery of water and nutrients directly to the root zone, improving efficiency and conserving resources. The present study was conducted over two consecutive years (2021–22 and 2022–23) on the apple cultivar ‘Super Chief’ to evaluate the optimum fertigation levels for improving growth, yield, and fruit quality. The randomized factorial block design was used, comprised of 16 treatment combinations with four irrigation regimes (D1: 100% ETc (evapotranspiration) through drip, D2: 80% ETc (drip), D3: 60% ETc (drip), D4: conventional irrigation) and four fertigation levels (N0: control, N1: 100%, N2: 75%, N3: 50% of recommended NPK dose). The results revealed that D1N1 (100% ETc through drip with 100% of recommended NPK) performed best across phenological, yield, and quality traits, recording maximum flowering intensity (D1: 22.68, N1: 23.51 clusters m−1), fruit set (D1: 39.41%, N1: 43.09%), fruit diameter (D1: 72.17 mm, N1: 72.32 mm), fruit weight (D1: 154.32 g, N1: 155.40 g), and fruit yield (D1: 38,650 kg ha−1, N1: 40,610 kg ha−1). Optimal efficiency was achieved with 82.47% ETc and 87.75% NPK, reducing water and fertilizer use by 17.53% and 12.25%, respectively. This study concludes that applying 100% ETc through drip irrigation combined with 100% NPK fertigation significantly enhances phenological traits, yield, and fruit quality in apple cultivation while promoting resource sustainability.