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<p>Dragon fruit (<i>Selenicereus</i>/<i>Hylocereus</i> spp.), a&#xa0;globally expanding crop, exhibits specialized nocturnal flowering biology critical for productivity. Plants initiate flowering at 2–3&#xa0;years, with buds developing over 12–31&#xa0;days under photoperiod/temperature regulation. Flowers are hermaphroditic, large (≤ 30 cm), and open for a&#xa0;single night, displaying precise anthesis: tepal separation is initiated at ~14:00 h via auxin decline and ethylene peaks, achieving full aperture by 22:00 h through mesophyll cell expansion, and closing at dawn (07:00–10:00 h) via cryptochrome-mediated hydraulic contraction. Greenish-white tepals maximize moonlight reflectance (450–550 nm), while strong nocturnal scent and dilute nectar (16.6–30.3% sugar) attract bats/hawkmoths. Key innovations in pollination adaptations such as secondary pollen presentation enhance transfer efficiency. The species <i>S.&#xa0;megalanthus</i> utilizes tepal closure for autonomous selfing (60–75% fruit set without pollinators). Breeding breakthroughs include in situ chromosome doubling with 0.05% oryzalin, which overcomes gametophytic self-incompatibility in diploids (40% tetraploid induction). Embryo rescue achieves 65–85% hybrid viability in interploid crosses. Anther/ovule culture yields haploids for trait fixation. Agrotechniques such as pollen cryopreservation (−196 °C) maintain viability for 9&#xa0;months: Night-interruption lighting (12‑h critical photoperiod) induces off-season flowering, while CPPU/GA<sub>3</sub> applications regulate flowering phenology. Environmental stressors—extreme temperatures (&lt; 4 °C or &gt; 36 °C) and pollinator declines (60–80% in fragmented habitats)—severely limit natural fruit set in self-incompatible species (<i>H.&#xa0;undatus, H.&#xa0;costaricensis</i>), necessitating manual pollination. Integrating these molecular, ecological, and agronomic insights enables yield stabilization and expansion into new agroclimatic zones.</p>

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Flower Biology, Pollination, and Agrotechniques Involved in Flowering of Dragon Fruit—A Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月9日

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  • Sargam Dhiman,
  • Trina Adhikary,
  • Priyanka Dahiya,
  • Jaswinder Singh Brar

摘要

Dragon fruit (Selenicereus/Hylocereus spp.), a globally expanding crop, exhibits specialized nocturnal flowering biology critical for productivity. Plants initiate flowering at 2–3 years, with buds developing over 12–31 days under photoperiod/temperature regulation. Flowers are hermaphroditic, large (≤ 30 cm), and open for a single night, displaying precise anthesis: tepal separation is initiated at ~14:00 h via auxin decline and ethylene peaks, achieving full aperture by 22:00 h through mesophyll cell expansion, and closing at dawn (07:00–10:00 h) via cryptochrome-mediated hydraulic contraction. Greenish-white tepals maximize moonlight reflectance (450–550 nm), while strong nocturnal scent and dilute nectar (16.6–30.3% sugar) attract bats/hawkmoths. Key innovations in pollination adaptations such as secondary pollen presentation enhance transfer efficiency. The species S. megalanthus utilizes tepal closure for autonomous selfing (60–75% fruit set without pollinators). Breeding breakthroughs include in situ chromosome doubling with 0.05% oryzalin, which overcomes gametophytic self-incompatibility in diploids (40% tetraploid induction). Embryo rescue achieves 65–85% hybrid viability in interploid crosses. Anther/ovule culture yields haploids for trait fixation. Agrotechniques such as pollen cryopreservation (−196 °C) maintain viability for 9 months: Night-interruption lighting (12‑h critical photoperiod) induces off-season flowering, while CPPU/GA3 applications regulate flowering phenology. Environmental stressors—extreme temperatures (< 4 °C or > 36 °C) and pollinator declines (60–80% in fragmented habitats)—severely limit natural fruit set in self-incompatible species (H. undatus, H. costaricensis), necessitating manual pollination. Integrating these molecular, ecological, and agronomic insights enables yield stabilization and expansion into new agroclimatic zones.