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<p>The Mediterranean fig (<i>Ficus carica</i>&#xa0;L.) is a&#xa0;dioecious tree, serving a&#xa0;critical function in human dietary practices. While phenological studies are crucial for enhancing crop management practices, limited investigations have been conducted regarding fig trees in Morocco. This research examines the phenological adaptability and fruiting periods of fig trees in response to climatic fluctuations, utilizing the BBCH (<i>Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie</i>) scale as a&#xa0;framework. The study was conducted in the village of Talandaoued and involved a&#xa0;sample of 40&#xa0;caprifig trees belonging to four local varieties, along with 80&#xa0;female fig trees representing eight local varieties. Monitoring processes were conducted over 2&#xa0;years, concurrently collecting meteorological data (air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation). Significant correlations were found between climate and phenological stages. Air temperature had a&#xa0;strong negative correlation (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01; r = −0.38 to −0.90) with stage duration, while humidity (r = 0.97) and precipitation (r = 0.99) extended stage duration. Interannual variability in phenological stages was observed, driven by the “variety” and “year” factors. The study emphasized the significance of synchronization between male and female varieties to ensure optimal pollination. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models showed high accuracy in predicting phenological durations. For fig flowering, the coefficient of determination for the validation set (R<sup>2</sup>) &gt; 0.99, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.441, and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) = 24.1; for caprification, RMSEP = 0.396 and RPD = 21.4. This observation highlighted the importance of diversifying caprification periods to enhance receptivity and promote production. Moreover, further research is necessary to improve the diversity of caprifig and develop a&#xa0;resilient climatic fig tree production system.</p>

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Phenological Study of Ficus carica L. in Northern Morocco: Synchronization of Fruiting Periods and Interannual Climatic Influence

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月28日

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  • Abdelhalim Chmarkhi,
  • Salama El Fatehi,
  • Khaoula El Khatib,
  • Widad Benziane,
  • Nouhaila Dihaz,
  • Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas,
  • Younes Hmimsa

摘要

The Mediterranean fig (Ficus carica L.) is a dioecious tree, serving a critical function in human dietary practices. While phenological studies are crucial for enhancing crop management practices, limited investigations have been conducted regarding fig trees in Morocco. This research examines the phenological adaptability and fruiting periods of fig trees in response to climatic fluctuations, utilizing the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale as a framework. The study was conducted in the village of Talandaoued and involved a sample of 40 caprifig trees belonging to four local varieties, along with 80 female fig trees representing eight local varieties. Monitoring processes were conducted over 2 years, concurrently collecting meteorological data (air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation). Significant correlations were found between climate and phenological stages. Air temperature had a strong negative correlation (p < 0.01; r = −0.38 to −0.90) with stage duration, while humidity (r = 0.97) and precipitation (r = 0.99) extended stage duration. Interannual variability in phenological stages was observed, driven by the “variety” and “year” factors. The study emphasized the significance of synchronization between male and female varieties to ensure optimal pollination. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models showed high accuracy in predicting phenological durations. For fig flowering, the coefficient of determination for the validation set (R2) > 0.99, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.441, and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) = 24.1; for caprification, RMSEP = 0.396 and RPD = 21.4. This observation highlighted the importance of diversifying caprification periods to enhance receptivity and promote production. Moreover, further research is necessary to improve the diversity of caprifig and develop a resilient climatic fig tree production system.