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<p>Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a significant threat to global agricultural productivity. Although conventional synthetic nematicides have demonstrated efficacy, their use is increasingly restricted due to concerns over environmental contamination and human health risks. In response, botanical extracts have gained attention as eco-friendly alternatives for nematode management. This systematic review synthesised experimental evidence on the nematicidal efficacy of botanical extracts in the biocontrol of PPNs. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar to identify peer-reviewed articles published in English. Eligible studies included those that assessed the use of untreated or processed plant extracts (aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, or essential oils) in managing PPNs under in vitro, greenhouse, or field conditions. A total of 45 studies met the inclusion criteria. Majority of studies were conducted under controlled conditions, with relatively few field-based validations. Extracts from <i>Azadirachta indica</i>, <i>Tagetes</i> spp., <i>Allium</i> spp., and <i>Calotropis procera</i> were among the most frequently studied, consistently exhibiting nematicidal effects such as juvenile mortality, egg hatch inhibition, and reduced gall formation. However, heterogeneity in extraction protocols, concentrations, and application methods limited direct comparison across studies. Moreover, few studies quantified crop yield effects, constraining agronomic interpretation. Overall, botanical extracts demonstrate strong potential as green nematicides, especially within low-input and organic farming systems. Nonetheless, filed-level validation, standardisation of extraction protocols, and long-term impact assessment on non-target organisms remain critical research gaps. Future studies should explore integrated nematode management approaches that combine botanical extracts with complementary biological or cultural strategies to enhance sustainable management.</p>

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Towards green nematicides: a systematic review of botanical extracts in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Ndivhuwo Ramatsitsi,
  • Alen Manyevere,
  • Siphamandla Lamula,
  • Admire Rukudzo Dzvene

摘要

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a significant threat to global agricultural productivity. Although conventional synthetic nematicides have demonstrated efficacy, their use is increasingly restricted due to concerns over environmental contamination and human health risks. In response, botanical extracts have gained attention as eco-friendly alternatives for nematode management. This systematic review synthesised experimental evidence on the nematicidal efficacy of botanical extracts in the biocontrol of PPNs. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar to identify peer-reviewed articles published in English. Eligible studies included those that assessed the use of untreated or processed plant extracts (aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, or essential oils) in managing PPNs under in vitro, greenhouse, or field conditions. A total of 45 studies met the inclusion criteria. Majority of studies were conducted under controlled conditions, with relatively few field-based validations. Extracts from Azadirachta indica, Tagetes spp., Allium spp., and Calotropis procera were among the most frequently studied, consistently exhibiting nematicidal effects such as juvenile mortality, egg hatch inhibition, and reduced gall formation. However, heterogeneity in extraction protocols, concentrations, and application methods limited direct comparison across studies. Moreover, few studies quantified crop yield effects, constraining agronomic interpretation. Overall, botanical extracts demonstrate strong potential as green nematicides, especially within low-input and organic farming systems. Nonetheless, filed-level validation, standardisation of extraction protocols, and long-term impact assessment on non-target organisms remain critical research gaps. Future studies should explore integrated nematode management approaches that combine botanical extracts with complementary biological or cultural strategies to enhance sustainable management.