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<p>There is a growing interest in seeking effective and eco-friendly green insecticides to reduce the environmental risks of synthetic ones. In that pursuit, <i>Salvia officinalis</i> essential oil (SOEO) was hydrodistiled and analysed using gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). The monoterpenes, <i>α</i>-thujone (25.6%), camphor (20.3%), and 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol, 14.1%) were identified as the principal EO terpenes. Oil/water thermodynamically stable nanoemulsions (NEs) were produced using SOEO (EONE) and camphor (CNE) adopting a low-energy protocol to produce EONE (mean particle size = 41.4 ± 2.3 nm) and CNE (mean particle size = 32.6 ± 2.1 nm). The botanicals exhibited considerable adulticidal, repellence, and enzyme inhibitory effects towards <i>Sitophilus oryzae</i> L., the rice weevil. Nanoemulsification of SOEO and Camphor significantly improved their bioactivity. Using impregnated filter discs, EONE showed the strongest contact adulticidal activity, followed by the CNE, SOEO, camphor, 1,8-cineole, and <i>α</i>-thujone with 24&#xa0;h post-exposure LC<sub>50</sub> values of 6.1, 8.3, 10.3, 12.4, 16.2, and 24.7 µL/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. These values decreases and ranged between 3.2 and 15.3 µL/cm<sup>2</sup> after 72 of weevils' exposure. Using fumigation technique, CNE was the potent as a fumigant with LC<sub>50</sub> values of 5.7, 3.9, and 2.8&#xa0;µl/L air 24, 48, and 72&#xa0;h post-treatment, respectively. All phytochemicals act as promising insects’ repellents at sublethal doses (0.1–0.8 µL/cm<sup>2</sup>), causing 100% repellence after 24&#xa0;h of treating the weevils with 0.8 µL/cm<sup>2</sup>, except for α-thujone. A concentration of 0.8 µL/cm<sup>2</sup> of the NEs and camphor repelled all weevils after 12&#xa0;h. They also inhibited the weevils' AChE activity with IC<sub>50</sub> values ranged between 6.92 and 41.35&#xa0;mM. Experiments provide evidence for safety of sage phytochemicals towards <i>Aporrectodea caliginosa</i> earthworms at concentrations up to 150&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup> soil, and germination and wheat grain viability at concentrations up to 150&#xa0;µl/mL. The results recommend the potentiality of using sage EO, particularly as NE formulations as eco-friendly natural green pesticides against <i>S. oryzae</i>.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Nanoemulsification of sage essential oil and camphor, a principal monoterpene enhanced insecticidal bioactivity against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae: a sustainable green approach for pest control

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月12日

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  • Bader Z. Albogami,
  • Saeed M. Alasmari,
  • Gomah E. Nenaah,
  • Shrook G. Nenaah

摘要

There is a growing interest in seeking effective and eco-friendly green insecticides to reduce the environmental risks of synthetic ones. In that pursuit, Salvia officinalis essential oil (SOEO) was hydrodistiled and analysed using gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). The monoterpenes, α-thujone (25.6%), camphor (20.3%), and 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol, 14.1%) were identified as the principal EO terpenes. Oil/water thermodynamically stable nanoemulsions (NEs) were produced using SOEO (EONE) and camphor (CNE) adopting a low-energy protocol to produce EONE (mean particle size = 41.4 ± 2.3 nm) and CNE (mean particle size = 32.6 ± 2.1 nm). The botanicals exhibited considerable adulticidal, repellence, and enzyme inhibitory effects towards Sitophilus oryzae L., the rice weevil. Nanoemulsification of SOEO and Camphor significantly improved their bioactivity. Using impregnated filter discs, EONE showed the strongest contact adulticidal activity, followed by the CNE, SOEO, camphor, 1,8-cineole, and α-thujone with 24 h post-exposure LC50 values of 6.1, 8.3, 10.3, 12.4, 16.2, and 24.7 µL/cm2, respectively. These values decreases and ranged between 3.2 and 15.3 µL/cm2 after 72 of weevils' exposure. Using fumigation technique, CNE was the potent as a fumigant with LC50 values of 5.7, 3.9, and 2.8 µl/L air 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment, respectively. All phytochemicals act as promising insects’ repellents at sublethal doses (0.1–0.8 µL/cm2), causing 100% repellence after 24 h of treating the weevils with 0.8 µL/cm2, except for α-thujone. A concentration of 0.8 µL/cm2 of the NEs and camphor repelled all weevils after 12 h. They also inhibited the weevils' AChE activity with IC50 values ranged between 6.92 and 41.35 mM. Experiments provide evidence for safety of sage phytochemicals towards Aporrectodea caliginosa earthworms at concentrations up to 150 mg kg−1 soil, and germination and wheat grain viability at concentrations up to 150 µl/mL. The results recommend the potentiality of using sage EO, particularly as NE formulations as eco-friendly natural green pesticides against S. oryzae.

Graphical abstract