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<p>The path-breaking work of Eastwood (1967) provided comprehensive information on the use of surveillance radar for the study of bird migration, reference to initial studies applying pencil-beam radar, and a first hint to the use of tracking radar. Pencil-beam radars can provide information on the temporal and spatial distribution of migrating birds. Radars with tracking capacity yield data on the flight behavior of individually tracked day and night migrants and on wind conditions at the altitudes where the birds fly. The Swiss Ornithological Institute used the military tracking radar “Superfledermaus” continuously from 1968 till 2010: a) to quantify migratory passage and vertical distribution, and b) to study migratory behavior by tracking single targets. In the early 1990s, the radar was adapted to become a dedicated bird radar, and the geographic range of studies was extended far beyond the boundaries of Switzerland, from Israel to Spain and from the Baltic Sea to the Sahara (Bruderer, Vogelwarte 58:255–272, 2020). Over a period of 42&#xa0;years, more than 400,000 tracks of migrating birds were electronically recorded and are now available for further investigations. Positioning mobile radars at sites with challenging environmental conditions allows studying the response of migrating birds to particular requirements, such as flights across large water surfaces, mountain ranges or deserts under varying influence of meteorological factors. Covering the relevant parts of migratory seasons in spring and autumn, the available data sets comprise ample variation for the study of specific questions on in-flight behavior of migratory birds. In comparison with long-range individual tracking devices, the radar data comprise larger numbers of individuals from restricted areas, i.e. half-spheres of about 5&#xa0;km radius. The available data offer possibilities for studies on the geographic, topographic, and meteorological particularities of bird migration at the various radar stations. They also cover a wide range of atmospheric conditions and wing-beat patterns of birds, allowing studies on the variation of flight behavior of selected bird types in varying environments.</p>

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Data on migratory intensity and tracks of avian migrants recorded by radar at sites from Israel to Spain and from the Baltic Sea to the Sahara

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月29日

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  • Bruno Bruderer,
  • Dieter Peter,
  • Thomas Steuri,
  • Felix Liechti,
  • Baptiste Schmid

摘要

The path-breaking work of Eastwood (1967) provided comprehensive information on the use of surveillance radar for the study of bird migration, reference to initial studies applying pencil-beam radar, and a first hint to the use of tracking radar. Pencil-beam radars can provide information on the temporal and spatial distribution of migrating birds. Radars with tracking capacity yield data on the flight behavior of individually tracked day and night migrants and on wind conditions at the altitudes where the birds fly. The Swiss Ornithological Institute used the military tracking radar “Superfledermaus” continuously from 1968 till 2010: a) to quantify migratory passage and vertical distribution, and b) to study migratory behavior by tracking single targets. In the early 1990s, the radar was adapted to become a dedicated bird radar, and the geographic range of studies was extended far beyond the boundaries of Switzerland, from Israel to Spain and from the Baltic Sea to the Sahara (Bruderer, Vogelwarte 58:255–272, 2020). Over a period of 42 years, more than 400,000 tracks of migrating birds were electronically recorded and are now available for further investigations. Positioning mobile radars at sites with challenging environmental conditions allows studying the response of migrating birds to particular requirements, such as flights across large water surfaces, mountain ranges or deserts under varying influence of meteorological factors. Covering the relevant parts of migratory seasons in spring and autumn, the available data sets comprise ample variation for the study of specific questions on in-flight behavior of migratory birds. In comparison with long-range individual tracking devices, the radar data comprise larger numbers of individuals from restricted areas, i.e. half-spheres of about 5 km radius. The available data offer possibilities for studies on the geographic, topographic, and meteorological particularities of bird migration at the various radar stations. They also cover a wide range of atmospheric conditions and wing-beat patterns of birds, allowing studies on the variation of flight behavior of selected bird types in varying environments.