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<p>Germanium is a critical element used in optical materials, electronic semiconductors, optical fibers, catalysts, sensors, medicine and health. Worldwide, 36% of the annual refined germanium comes from lead zinc sulfide ores, and more than 90% of germanium enters the zinc smelting system as an associated impurity with the zinc roasting sand. Here we review the recovery of germanium in zinc smelting processes, with focus on germanium reserves, applications and demand, recovery methods and extraction mechanisms. Recovery methods include tannin precipitation, ion exchange and solvent extraction. Extraction mechanisms are described for acidic, alkaline, neutral and synergistic extractions.</p>

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Recovery of germanium from zinc smelting leachates: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月22日

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  • Shuxuan Hu,
  • Zhanqing Lu,
  • Xingbin Li,
  • Rongjing Yang,
  • Chang Wei,
  • Zhigan Deng,
  • Minting Li

摘要

Germanium is a critical element used in optical materials, electronic semiconductors, optical fibers, catalysts, sensors, medicine and health. Worldwide, 36% of the annual refined germanium comes from lead zinc sulfide ores, and more than 90% of germanium enters the zinc smelting system as an associated impurity with the zinc roasting sand. Here we review the recovery of germanium in zinc smelting processes, with focus on germanium reserves, applications and demand, recovery methods and extraction mechanisms. Recovery methods include tannin precipitation, ion exchange and solvent extraction. Extraction mechanisms are described for acidic, alkaline, neutral and synergistic extractions.