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<p>Geomagnetic storms induce significant ionospheric disturbances that degrade the quality of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, thereby reducing positioning accuracy and reliability. In this study, we firstly conducted a detailed comparison of the performance of multi-GNSS precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) at different latitudes during the 2024 Mother’s Day great storm, and then clarified how strong geomagnetic activity affects GNSS through intrinsic factors. The experimental results show that global multi-GNSS PPP-AR performance exhibits a significant latitudinal dependence. 3D RMS of the positioning errors increased from less than 0.025&#xa0;m to more than 0.2&#xa0;m due to intense ionospheric irregularities. Notably, high-latitude regions demonstrate smaller positioning errors during the late recovery phase of the storm. The proportion of northern high-latitude stations with fixing rate above 90% decreased by 60%, while those with average convergence times under 15&#xa0;min dropped by 40%. The positioning performance also degrades in mid-to-low latitude regions, but not as significantly as in high-latitude regions. Among the constellations, GPS PPP-AR exhibited superior performance compared with that of BDS and Galileo. While the multi-GNSS solution demonstrated strong robustness, maintaining a daily mean 3D positioning error below 0.07&#xa0;m and an average fixing rate exceeding 80%. The primary cause of the positioning deterioration was the increased frequency of cycle slips (CSs), with the number of affected satellites rising from under 5 to over 25 during the storm.</p>

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The Impacts of ionospheric disturbances on BDS/Galileo/GPS PPP-AR at different latitudes during the 2024 Mother’s Day great storm

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • Xiaodong Ren,
  • Yibin Hu,
  • Linghuo Jian,
  • Yujie Li,
  • Xiaohong Zhang

摘要

Geomagnetic storms induce significant ionospheric disturbances that degrade the quality of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, thereby reducing positioning accuracy and reliability. In this study, we firstly conducted a detailed comparison of the performance of multi-GNSS precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) at different latitudes during the 2024 Mother’s Day great storm, and then clarified how strong geomagnetic activity affects GNSS through intrinsic factors. The experimental results show that global multi-GNSS PPP-AR performance exhibits a significant latitudinal dependence. 3D RMS of the positioning errors increased from less than 0.025 m to more than 0.2 m due to intense ionospheric irregularities. Notably, high-latitude regions demonstrate smaller positioning errors during the late recovery phase of the storm. The proportion of northern high-latitude stations with fixing rate above 90% decreased by 60%, while those with average convergence times under 15 min dropped by 40%. The positioning performance also degrades in mid-to-low latitude regions, but not as significantly as in high-latitude regions. Among the constellations, GPS PPP-AR exhibited superior performance compared with that of BDS and Galileo. While the multi-GNSS solution demonstrated strong robustness, maintaining a daily mean 3D positioning error below 0.07 m and an average fixing rate exceeding 80%. The primary cause of the positioning deterioration was the increased frequency of cycle slips (CSs), with the number of affected satellites rising from under 5 to over 25 during the storm.