Revisiting relativistic clock drift in GNSS: from constant model to dynamic model
摘要
Relativistic clock drift in Global Navigation Satellite Systems is typically simplified as a constant drift term and addressed through frequency pre-adjustment before satellite launch. However, this simplified approach fails to fully eliminate drift errors, necessitating refined modeling and compensation methods. This study provides a detailed analysis of the causes, characteristics, and dynamic changes of relativistic clock drift in satellites of different orbital types. The results reveal that relativistic clock drift exhibits significant orbital dependence and periodicity: deviations between the actual and nominal semi-major axes can lead to constant drift model errors exceeding 2 ns/day; J2-induced relativistic clock drift periods primarily relate to orbital inclination; the J2,2 term causes orbital resonance in high-altitude satellites, generating relativistic clock drift errors up to 160 ns per orbital adjustment cycle. The relativistic clock drift residuals (