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<p>Following the intensification of the conflict in Syria in 2012, the number of Syrian refugees in Turkey has reached to 3.7 million as of 2021, according to the Turkish Directorate General for Migration Management. Syrian refugees have become an important source of informal employment, as almost 2 million Syrians are of working age. Therefore, this large flow of immigrants has had major impacts on the dynamics of the labor market through the abundance of largely unskilled labor. This paper provides evidence on the impact of this massive refugee inflow, resulting from the changes in labor markets, on firm-level total sales and domestic sales using a comprehensive firm-level data and city-level immigration density measures. Our results suggest that firms in cities with greater immigrant penetration saw increasing sales, mostly in labour-intensive firms.</p>

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Immigration and firm performance: who gains and who loses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Nazlı Karamollaoğlu,
  • Federico Trionfetti

摘要

Following the intensification of the conflict in Syria in 2012, the number of Syrian refugees in Turkey has reached to 3.7 million as of 2021, according to the Turkish Directorate General for Migration Management. Syrian refugees have become an important source of informal employment, as almost 2 million Syrians are of working age. Therefore, this large flow of immigrants has had major impacts on the dynamics of the labor market through the abundance of largely unskilled labor. This paper provides evidence on the impact of this massive refugee inflow, resulting from the changes in labor markets, on firm-level total sales and domestic sales using a comprehensive firm-level data and city-level immigration density measures. Our results suggest that firms in cities with greater immigrant penetration saw increasing sales, mostly in labour-intensive firms.