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<p>Carotid sinus massage (CSM) is essential in evaluating recurrent unexplained reflex syncope, as it uniquely identifies cardioinhibitory forms that other tests may miss. CSM is largely underused in clinical practice outside dedicated syncope facilities and, when performed, its execution varies, as does the interpretation of results. Underuse affects the diagnostic yield of CSM in the syncope evaluation, thereby denying patients mechanism-based personalized treatment. There are several barriers to the proper use of CSM in the work-up of patients with unexplained syncope.</p><p>To address these important limitations, an international panel of experts in the field of syncope provide herein a consensus document with the aim of offering practical guidance for the indications, contraindications, and methodology for performing carotid sinus massage in general and dedicated syncope facilities and in the emergency department.</p>

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Indications, contraindications, and step-by-step methodology for performing carotid sinus massage in patients presenting with syncope

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Frederik J. de Lange,
  • Michele Brignole,
  • David G. Benditt,
  • Melani Dani,
  • Jean Claude Deharo,
  • Alessandra Fanciulli,
  • Artur Fedorowski,
  • Antonella Groppelli,
  • Mohamed H. Hamdan,
  • Viktor Hamrefors,
  • Jelle S. Y. de Jong,
  • Rose Anne Kenny,
  • Piotr Kulakowski,
  • Angel Moya,
  • Roberto Maggi,
  • Carlos A. Morillo,
  • Brian Olshansky,
  • Satish R. Raj,
  • Ciara Rice,
  • Giulia Rivasi,
  • Ineke van Rossum,
  • Vincenzo Russo,
  • Robert Sheldon,
  • Win-Kuan Shen,
  • Richard Sutton,
  • Roland Thijs,
  • Patricia Taraborrelli,
  • Marco Tomaino,
  • Andrea Ungar,
  • Steven van Zanten

摘要

Carotid sinus massage (CSM) is essential in evaluating recurrent unexplained reflex syncope, as it uniquely identifies cardioinhibitory forms that other tests may miss. CSM is largely underused in clinical practice outside dedicated syncope facilities and, when performed, its execution varies, as does the interpretation of results. Underuse affects the diagnostic yield of CSM in the syncope evaluation, thereby denying patients mechanism-based personalized treatment. There are several barriers to the proper use of CSM in the work-up of patients with unexplained syncope.

To address these important limitations, an international panel of experts in the field of syncope provide herein a consensus document with the aim of offering practical guidance for the indications, contraindications, and methodology for performing carotid sinus massage in general and dedicated syncope facilities and in the emergency department.