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<p>Sea surface waves in the coastal belt during extreme weather like cyclones threaten extensively, and it has been identified as vulnerable at the low-lying, highly populated coastal cities in response to societal, economic, and environmental concerns. The state of knowledge about the sea surface wave by gathering information and data from various sources to protect the eco-sensitive environment against probable vulnerability across the high economic domain is cost-effective. The reanalysis data has been considered worldwide for predicting expected hazards and supporting the dissemination of forecasting systems and risk assessment. However, reliability in the reanalysis data for projecting the real state-of-the-art is still lacking, which is a core objective in this debate. In this concern, the sea state scenario in the coastal domain off Mumbai during the tropical cyclone Biparjoy, which formed in the Arabian Sea for a period of June 06–18, 2023, is examined along with typical weather scenarios. Evaluation of the sea surface waves through the reanalysis data countered by in-situ observation justifies the trustworthiness of the sea state scenario, while assessment through satellite altimetry is another alternative lead progressively. Study results on the comparison of reanalysis (ERA5) against in-situ (wave rider buoy) and satellite altimetry (Jason-3, Sentinel-3&#xa0;A and 3B, CryoSat-2) during both typical and extreme cyclonic events reveal an underestimation of the computational sea surface wave in the coastal and open ocean as well, and hence upgrading the reanalysis wave data would be highly beneficial for better prediction of risk reduction management plans in both open ocean and coastal applications.</p>

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Sea surface waves in the Arabian Sea at two distinct weather scenarios during the onset of southwest summer monsoon

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • G. Udhaba Dora,
  • Gopal Krushna Swain,
  • Jai Singh,
  • Toyoshima Xavier,
  • Jyotirmaya Panigrahi

摘要

Sea surface waves in the coastal belt during extreme weather like cyclones threaten extensively, and it has been identified as vulnerable at the low-lying, highly populated coastal cities in response to societal, economic, and environmental concerns. The state of knowledge about the sea surface wave by gathering information and data from various sources to protect the eco-sensitive environment against probable vulnerability across the high economic domain is cost-effective. The reanalysis data has been considered worldwide for predicting expected hazards and supporting the dissemination of forecasting systems and risk assessment. However, reliability in the reanalysis data for projecting the real state-of-the-art is still lacking, which is a core objective in this debate. In this concern, the sea state scenario in the coastal domain off Mumbai during the tropical cyclone Biparjoy, which formed in the Arabian Sea for a period of June 06–18, 2023, is examined along with typical weather scenarios. Evaluation of the sea surface waves through the reanalysis data countered by in-situ observation justifies the trustworthiness of the sea state scenario, while assessment through satellite altimetry is another alternative lead progressively. Study results on the comparison of reanalysis (ERA5) against in-situ (wave rider buoy) and satellite altimetry (Jason-3, Sentinel-3 A and 3B, CryoSat-2) during both typical and extreme cyclonic events reveal an underestimation of the computational sea surface wave in the coastal and open ocean as well, and hence upgrading the reanalysis wave data would be highly beneficial for better prediction of risk reduction management plans in both open ocean and coastal applications.