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<p>The suspended sediment dynamics in coastal regions and estuaries play a crucial role in influencing various coastal processes and sediment budgeting. The sediment budget, vital for coastal stability, faces risks such as coastal erosion, sediment influx from rivers along the shore, and the cross-shore transport of sediments. The Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) is highly dynamic and affected by diverse hydro-meteorological parameters. In-situ measurements struggle to effectively estimate SSC in the dynamic coastal waters and estuaries, inadequately capturing the entire system’s variations. Ocean colour sensors have greatly improved SSC mapping in open waters and coastal regions, yet their coarser spatial resolution limits their utility in nearshore waters and estuarine environments. The emergence of high spatial resolution multispectral sensors offers enhanced performance with specific algorithms to derive precise water reflectance in coastal waters. Operational Land Imager (OLI) from Landsat-8 and MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) from Sentinel-2 are widely adopted sensors for mapping SSC in coastal and estuarine waters. This study employs these sensors to estimate SSC in the Goa coastal waters from 2014 to 2020 and the Zuari estuary from 2016 to 2022. Satellite-derived suspended sediment concentration (SSC) was validated using approximately seven satellite in-situ match-up samples collected within ± 30&#xa0;min of satellite overpass. Validation against LISST-derived SSC yielded good agreement, with a coefficient of determination of R² ≈ 0.941 and a root mean square error of RMSE ≈ 2.19&#xa0;mg L⁻¹, consistent with accuracies reported for optically complex estuarine waters. The six-year analysis captures SSC variations and associated processes, revealing the dynamics of suspended sediments in coastal waters, estuaries, and rivers. The study observes a reasonable variation in SSC from the upstream (15–18&#xa0;mg/l) of the river to the estuary (8–12&#xa0;mg/l) and extending into coastal waters (5–10&#xa0;mg/l). The variations of SSC in the coastal waters give a wider picture of the sediment budget in the region to the sediment cells and the interaction of the sediments from the river discharge with the adjacent coastal parts. This integrated long-term observations of multispectral satellite data offers finer resolution SSC estimates in the estuarine and coastal environments.</p>

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Suspended sediment variability in tropical estuarine and coastal waters along the Central West Coast of India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Santhosh Kumar S,
  • Mani Murali R,
  • Shincy Francis,
  • Deepika Dwivedi

摘要

The suspended sediment dynamics in coastal regions and estuaries play a crucial role in influencing various coastal processes and sediment budgeting. The sediment budget, vital for coastal stability, faces risks such as coastal erosion, sediment influx from rivers along the shore, and the cross-shore transport of sediments. The Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) is highly dynamic and affected by diverse hydro-meteorological parameters. In-situ measurements struggle to effectively estimate SSC in the dynamic coastal waters and estuaries, inadequately capturing the entire system’s variations. Ocean colour sensors have greatly improved SSC mapping in open waters and coastal regions, yet their coarser spatial resolution limits their utility in nearshore waters and estuarine environments. The emergence of high spatial resolution multispectral sensors offers enhanced performance with specific algorithms to derive precise water reflectance in coastal waters. Operational Land Imager (OLI) from Landsat-8 and MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) from Sentinel-2 are widely adopted sensors for mapping SSC in coastal and estuarine waters. This study employs these sensors to estimate SSC in the Goa coastal waters from 2014 to 2020 and the Zuari estuary from 2016 to 2022. Satellite-derived suspended sediment concentration (SSC) was validated using approximately seven satellite in-situ match-up samples collected within ± 30 min of satellite overpass. Validation against LISST-derived SSC yielded good agreement, with a coefficient of determination of R² ≈ 0.941 and a root mean square error of RMSE ≈ 2.19 mg L⁻¹, consistent with accuracies reported for optically complex estuarine waters. The six-year analysis captures SSC variations and associated processes, revealing the dynamics of suspended sediments in coastal waters, estuaries, and rivers. The study observes a reasonable variation in SSC from the upstream (15–18 mg/l) of the river to the estuary (8–12 mg/l) and extending into coastal waters (5–10 mg/l). The variations of SSC in the coastal waters give a wider picture of the sediment budget in the region to the sediment cells and the interaction of the sediments from the river discharge with the adjacent coastal parts. This integrated long-term observations of multispectral satellite data offers finer resolution SSC estimates in the estuarine and coastal environments.