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<p>The wind stress plays a crucial dynamic driving role in the coupling system between the upper ocean and the lower atmosphere, and it is modulated by surface waves. The characteristics of wind stress at the same wind speed may vary due to the influence of surface waves, however, this issue has not been regarded as conclusive. The characteristics of wind stress under different surface wave states at the same wind speed were investigated using momentum flux and wave observations from two coastal towers, combined with a wave boundary layer model (WBLM). Observations revealed that wind stresses at the two sites are different even within the same wind speed intervals. Further analysis indicated that this difference is relevant to wave state. Under stronger wind-wave energy conditions, wind stress is approximately 9% higher. The WBLM results are reasonable agreement with observations by including wave-induced stress. However, a small deviation of approximately 5% at strong background swell station still exists when using an identical wave growth rate coefficient. Based on the above results, a parameterization on the wind-wave coefficient with the ratio of wind speed to wind-wave height is proposed, and the WBLM employing the new parameterization shows better agreement with observations.</p>

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Different behaviors of wind stress induced by ocean surface waves

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月6日

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  • Sheng Chen,
  • Jing Ren,
  • Siyuan Wu,
  • Jingsong Guo,
  • Chuan Jiang Huang,
  • Zhanli Wang,
  • Fangli Qiao

摘要

The wind stress plays a crucial dynamic driving role in the coupling system between the upper ocean and the lower atmosphere, and it is modulated by surface waves. The characteristics of wind stress at the same wind speed may vary due to the influence of surface waves, however, this issue has not been regarded as conclusive. The characteristics of wind stress under different surface wave states at the same wind speed were investigated using momentum flux and wave observations from two coastal towers, combined with a wave boundary layer model (WBLM). Observations revealed that wind stresses at the two sites are different even within the same wind speed intervals. Further analysis indicated that this difference is relevant to wave state. Under stronger wind-wave energy conditions, wind stress is approximately 9% higher. The WBLM results are reasonable agreement with observations by including wave-induced stress. However, a small deviation of approximately 5% at strong background swell station still exists when using an identical wave growth rate coefficient. Based on the above results, a parameterization on the wind-wave coefficient with the ratio of wind speed to wind-wave height is proposed, and the WBLM employing the new parameterization shows better agreement with observations.