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<p>The Indonesian seas, characterized by complex geometry and semi-enclosed basins, play a pivotal role in both regional and global ocean circulation. Coastal upwelling in this region is primarily driven by the interplay between wind-induced circulation and the physical constraints imposed by the semi-enclosed basins. This study investigates the mechanisms governing upwelling variability, focusing on the modulation of key oceanographic parameters, including sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface&#xa0;chlorophyll-a concentration (SSC), sea surface&#xa0;wind (SSW), sea surface&#xa0;density (SSD), sea level anomaly (SLA), and precipitation. These parameters are vital for understanding marine productivity, particularly in the context of climate variability associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results demonstrate that seasonal monsoonal winds, large-scale oceanic pressure gradients, and complex bathymetry collectively generate a spatially and temporally dynamic upwelling system. Steep coastal regions, such as southern Java, Bali, and the Nusa Tenggara islands, experience pronounced upwelling during boreal summer (June–August), while shallower areas such as the Java Sea and Arafura Sea exhibit weaker and less persistent upwelling due to limited vertical nutrient flux. Interannual variability further highlights the interaction between ENSO and local oceanographic processes. Strong ENSO coupling is evident in parameters such as SST and SLA, which exhibit high variance in the leading mode of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF-1) analysis and are directly linked to changes in thermal structure and circulation patterns. Moderately correlated variables, such as Ekman pumping velocity (EPV) and precipitation, are influenced by both ENSO phases and regional wind stress anomalies. In contrast, weakly ENSO-correlated variables, including SSC and SSD, are primarily controlled by local freshwater fluxes, nutrient dynamics, and regional current systems. Enhanced high-resolution monitoring of ENSO indicators within the Indonesian seas is recommended to improve early detection and mitigation of ENSO-related impacts on upwelling processes and marine biodiversity.</p>

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Spatiotemporal variability of coastal upwelling in response to monsoonal forcing and semi-enclosed basins in the indonesian and adjacent seas

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月2日

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  • Gandhi Napitupulu

摘要

The Indonesian seas, characterized by complex geometry and semi-enclosed basins, play a pivotal role in both regional and global ocean circulation. Coastal upwelling in this region is primarily driven by the interplay between wind-induced circulation and the physical constraints imposed by the semi-enclosed basins. This study investigates the mechanisms governing upwelling variability, focusing on the modulation of key oceanographic parameters, including sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration (SSC), sea surface wind (SSW), sea surface density (SSD), sea level anomaly (SLA), and precipitation. These parameters are vital for understanding marine productivity, particularly in the context of climate variability associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results demonstrate that seasonal monsoonal winds, large-scale oceanic pressure gradients, and complex bathymetry collectively generate a spatially and temporally dynamic upwelling system. Steep coastal regions, such as southern Java, Bali, and the Nusa Tenggara islands, experience pronounced upwelling during boreal summer (June–August), while shallower areas such as the Java Sea and Arafura Sea exhibit weaker and less persistent upwelling due to limited vertical nutrient flux. Interannual variability further highlights the interaction between ENSO and local oceanographic processes. Strong ENSO coupling is evident in parameters such as SST and SLA, which exhibit high variance in the leading mode of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF-1) analysis and are directly linked to changes in thermal structure and circulation patterns. Moderately correlated variables, such as Ekman pumping velocity (EPV) and precipitation, are influenced by both ENSO phases and regional wind stress anomalies. In contrast, weakly ENSO-correlated variables, including SSC and SSD, are primarily controlled by local freshwater fluxes, nutrient dynamics, and regional current systems. Enhanced high-resolution monitoring of ENSO indicators within the Indonesian seas is recommended to improve early detection and mitigation of ENSO-related impacts on upwelling processes and marine biodiversity.