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<p>Tramadol, a widely used synthetic opioid analgesic, poses emerging threats to aquatic ecosystems. The present research evaluated the toxicological impacts of tramadol on rohu (<i>Labeo rohita</i>). A total of 150 healthy <i>L. rohita</i> (length: 20 ± 5&#xa0;cm; weight: 14 ± 0.5&#xa0;g) were exposed to low (1.25&#xa0;mg/L) and high (2.5&#xa0;mg/L) concentrations of tramadol for 25 days. Hematological analysis revealed significantly increased white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinocytes (<i>P</i>&#xa0;&lt; 0.05 to <i>P &lt;</i> 0.001), alongside decreased red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit (<i>P </i> &lt; 0.01 to <i>P </i> &lt; 0.001) in tramadol-exposed fish compared to controls. Biochemical analysis showed elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, globulin, glucose, thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone, urea, and blood urea nitrogen (<i>P </i> &#xa0;&lt; 0.05 to <i>P </i> &lt;  0.001), while low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, and albumin decreased significantly (<i>P </i> &lt;  0.01). A significant increase in triiodothyronine (T3) was also observed (<i>P </i> &lt; 0.001). Histopathological examination revealed dose-dependent abnormalities including gill lamellar aneurism, edema, and fusion of primary lamellae; hepatocyte nuclear degeneration, necrosis, and sinusoidal dilation; and renal melanomacrophage accumulation, tubular cell hypertrophy, and glomerular expansion. These findings demonstrate that sub-chronic tramadol exposure induces multi-system toxicity in <i>L. rohita</i>, highlighting the need for monitoring pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.</p>

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A study on the toxicological effects of tramadol on rohu Labeo rohita

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月15日

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  • Mohsin Bilal,
  • Nadeem Bukhash,
  • Xinyi Zhou,
  • Na Wang,
  • Fouzia Tanvir,
  • Yan Wen

摘要

Tramadol, a widely used synthetic opioid analgesic, poses emerging threats to aquatic ecosystems. The present research evaluated the toxicological impacts of tramadol on rohu (Labeo rohita). A total of 150 healthy L. rohita (length: 20 ± 5 cm; weight: 14 ± 0.5 g) were exposed to low (1.25 mg/L) and high (2.5 mg/L) concentrations of tramadol for 25 days. Hematological analysis revealed significantly increased white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinocytes (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), alongside decreased red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit (P  < 0.01 to P  < 0.001) in tramadol-exposed fish compared to controls. Biochemical analysis showed elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, globulin, glucose, thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone, urea, and blood urea nitrogen (P   < 0.05 to P  <  0.001), while low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, and albumin decreased significantly (P  <  0.01). A significant increase in triiodothyronine (T3) was also observed (P  < 0.001). Histopathological examination revealed dose-dependent abnormalities including gill lamellar aneurism, edema, and fusion of primary lamellae; hepatocyte nuclear degeneration, necrosis, and sinusoidal dilation; and renal melanomacrophage accumulation, tubular cell hypertrophy, and glomerular expansion. These findings demonstrate that sub-chronic tramadol exposure induces multi-system toxicity in L. rohita, highlighting the need for monitoring pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.