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<p>This study investigates the potential use of copper slag (CS) and rice husk ash (RHA) in pavement construction through geopolymerization. CS and RHA were alkali activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (SH) and sodium silicate (Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub>) (SS) at a 10&#xa0;M concentration. A fixed SH-to-SS ratio of 1:2 was maintained. The RHA and CS varying from 10 to 50% and 90 − 50%, respectively, and alkali activator (AA) contents ranging from 3 to 15%. Standard Proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength, Split tensile strength, FE-SEM, and XRD analyses were conducted to evaluate it as a pavement material. The increasing RHA decreases MDD while increasing OMC, whereas higher AA content reduces OMC across all mixes. The maximum dry density (17.35 kN/m<sup>3</sup>) was observed at 10% RHA, 90% CS, and 3% AA. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increased up to 20% RHA and then decreased beyond 30–50%, with the highest UCS of 10,234.47&#xa0;kPa recorded at 20% RHA and 15% AA after 28 days of curing. The CS-RHA-AA composite mixes are found suitable for sub-base and subgrade layers of flexible pavements based on above properties Multilinear regression analysis, using 80% of the data for training and 20% for testing are used to develop correlations. Furthermore, the environmental impact assessment revealed that alkali-activated mixes exhibited a significantly lower environmental footprint compared to cement-based composites. Overall, CS and RHA blended with AA offer a sustainable alternative pavement construction material, contributing to CO₂ reduction and effective waste utilization.</p>

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Mechanical and microstructural assessment of copper slag, rice husk ash and alkali activator composite as a sustainable pavement construction material: experimental and sustainability approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Kuldeep Sharma,
  • Kunal Jee Thakur,
  • Arvind Kumar,
  • Sarat Kumar Das

摘要

This study investigates the potential use of copper slag (CS) and rice husk ash (RHA) in pavement construction through geopolymerization. CS and RHA were alkali activated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (SH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) (SS) at a 10 M concentration. A fixed SH-to-SS ratio of 1:2 was maintained. The RHA and CS varying from 10 to 50% and 90 − 50%, respectively, and alkali activator (AA) contents ranging from 3 to 15%. Standard Proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength, Split tensile strength, FE-SEM, and XRD analyses were conducted to evaluate it as a pavement material. The increasing RHA decreases MDD while increasing OMC, whereas higher AA content reduces OMC across all mixes. The maximum dry density (17.35 kN/m3) was observed at 10% RHA, 90% CS, and 3% AA. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increased up to 20% RHA and then decreased beyond 30–50%, with the highest UCS of 10,234.47 kPa recorded at 20% RHA and 15% AA after 28 days of curing. The CS-RHA-AA composite mixes are found suitable for sub-base and subgrade layers of flexible pavements based on above properties Multilinear regression analysis, using 80% of the data for training and 20% for testing are used to develop correlations. Furthermore, the environmental impact assessment revealed that alkali-activated mixes exhibited a significantly lower environmental footprint compared to cement-based composites. Overall, CS and RHA blended with AA offer a sustainable alternative pavement construction material, contributing to CO₂ reduction and effective waste utilization.