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<p>To ensure the safe agricultural use of biomass ash, this study systematically compared fly ash (BFA) and bottom ash (BA) from the same source in terms of physicochemical properties, agronomic effects, and mechanisms. Material characterization and maize pot experiments (0–20% application rates) revealed their functional differentiation and established clear safety thresholds. Both ashes exhibited strong alkalinity and Si/Ca-dominated mineral compositions, driving three core mechanisms: (1) alkaline mineral dissolution (CaO/MgO/K₂O) elevating soil pH (Δ ≤ 1.3 units) and EC (&gt; 200 µS cm⁻¹), (2) amorphous aluminosilicates enhancing aggregation, and (3) microporous architectures (BET &gt; 7.5&#xa0;m² g⁻¹) immobilizing heavy metals. BFA served as a fast-acting pH regulator and nutrient source, whereas BA was more effective in improving soil structure and immobilizing heavy metals long-term. The finer particles of BFA amplified its liming effect and nutrient release (notably K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), increasing maize nutrient uptake by 2.4-fold at optimal doses. Although ash application increased total soil heavy metal concentrations (below regulatory limits), surface complexation and coprecipitation reduced the accumulation of Cd, As, Cu, Mn, and Zn in shoots by 27–86%. BA demonstrated superior metal sequestration capacity, attributable to its higher porosity (&gt; 0.1&#xa0;cm³ g⁻¹) and quartz content (48.5% SiO₂). Dose-dependent toxicity thresholds were identified: BFA &gt; 10% and BA &gt; 15%. Exceeding these levels inhibits growth via alkaline stress, phosphorus fixation, and metal accumulation. Therefore, tailored risk assessments that account for soil characteristics are essential prior to large-scale application. These findings provide a scientific basis for classifying biomass ash, establishing safety thresholds, and guiding its targeted agricultural utilization.</p>

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Exploring the ecological effects of biomass ash application on soil-plant system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Jingru Bai,
  • Yabing Feng,
  • Huahua Dong,
  • Ziyang Gu,
  • Liangang Jiang,
  • Shaojie Hou,
  • Xin Meng

摘要

To ensure the safe agricultural use of biomass ash, this study systematically compared fly ash (BFA) and bottom ash (BA) from the same source in terms of physicochemical properties, agronomic effects, and mechanisms. Material characterization and maize pot experiments (0–20% application rates) revealed their functional differentiation and established clear safety thresholds. Both ashes exhibited strong alkalinity and Si/Ca-dominated mineral compositions, driving three core mechanisms: (1) alkaline mineral dissolution (CaO/MgO/K₂O) elevating soil pH (Δ ≤ 1.3 units) and EC (> 200 µS cm⁻¹), (2) amorphous aluminosilicates enhancing aggregation, and (3) microporous architectures (BET > 7.5 m² g⁻¹) immobilizing heavy metals. BFA served as a fast-acting pH regulator and nutrient source, whereas BA was more effective in improving soil structure and immobilizing heavy metals long-term. The finer particles of BFA amplified its liming effect and nutrient release (notably K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), increasing maize nutrient uptake by 2.4-fold at optimal doses. Although ash application increased total soil heavy metal concentrations (below regulatory limits), surface complexation and coprecipitation reduced the accumulation of Cd, As, Cu, Mn, and Zn in shoots by 27–86%. BA demonstrated superior metal sequestration capacity, attributable to its higher porosity (> 0.1 cm³ g⁻¹) and quartz content (48.5% SiO₂). Dose-dependent toxicity thresholds were identified: BFA > 10% and BA > 15%. Exceeding these levels inhibits growth via alkaline stress, phosphorus fixation, and metal accumulation. Therefore, tailored risk assessments that account for soil characteristics are essential prior to large-scale application. These findings provide a scientific basis for classifying biomass ash, establishing safety thresholds, and guiding its targeted agricultural utilization.