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<p>This study focused on the extraction and full characterization of cellulose from banana peel waste using optimized chemical methods to obtain high yield and purity. The extraction steps included dewaxing, alkaline treatment, delignification, acid digestion, and bleaching, resulting in a cellulose yield of 72.5%. Fourier transform infrared&#xa0;spectroscopy showed the absence of non-cellulosic materials and peaks characteristic of cellulose. The absorption peak observed by ultraviolet (UV)&#xa0;spectroscopy at a wavelength of 293.889&#xa0;nm indicates the presence of UV radiation filters. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests demonstrated that the obtained cellulose had a primary decomposition temperature of approximately 303.9&#xa0;°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis proved that it was crystalline in nature, with a degree of crystallinity of 73.35%. The surface morphology of the cellulose was irregular and fibrillar in shape, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy&#xa0;images. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of cellulose showed good purity, with carbon and oxygen as the main elements. Particle size analysis showed a normal distribution with a mean particle size of 102.287&#xa0;μm. The detailed characterization of banana peel cellulose (BPC) would further advance the development of environmentally friendly high-performance biocomposites to achieve global sustainability goals.</p>

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Banana peel waste as a source of cellulosic filler: isolation, characterization, and its potential as a green reinforcement in polymer composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • Indran Suyambulingam,
  • Gokulkumar Sivanantham,
  • Divya Divakaran,
  • Nadir Ayrilmis,
  • G. Suganya Priyadharshini,
  • P. Senthamaraikannan,
  • Yamuna Munusamy

摘要

This study focused on the extraction and full characterization of cellulose from banana peel waste using optimized chemical methods to obtain high yield and purity. The extraction steps included dewaxing, alkaline treatment, delignification, acid digestion, and bleaching, resulting in a cellulose yield of 72.5%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the absence of non-cellulosic materials and peaks characteristic of cellulose. The absorption peak observed by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy at a wavelength of 293.889 nm indicates the presence of UV radiation filters. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests demonstrated that the obtained cellulose had a primary decomposition temperature of approximately 303.9 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis proved that it was crystalline in nature, with a degree of crystallinity of 73.35%. The surface morphology of the cellulose was irregular and fibrillar in shape, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy images. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of cellulose showed good purity, with carbon and oxygen as the main elements. Particle size analysis showed a normal distribution with a mean particle size of 102.287 μm. The detailed characterization of banana peel cellulose (BPC) would further advance the development of environmentally friendly high-performance biocomposites to achieve global sustainability goals.