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<p>Feather follicles are specialized skin appendages that are essential for thermoregulation, protection, and down production in birds, forming through complex genetic and epigenetic interactions during embryogenesis. In this study, we examined skin and follicle development in Hungarian white goose embryos, focusing on dynamic epigenetic-transcriptomic changes. Histology showed smooth epidermis at E10, feather buds at E13, and columnar follicles with medullary tissue and secondary follicles at E18. Transcriptomics revealed 1327 and 1847 DEGs enriched in epidermal development, differentiation, and adhesion. Primordial initiation at E10-E13 featured Wnt, TGF-β, and melanogenesis, whereas follicle formation at E13-E18 involved lipid metabolism and VEGF signaling. Keratinization genes were continuously upregulated, and Wnt, Shh, and muscle pathways were activated late. Key regulators included LEF1, MSX2, and FOXN1. ATAC-seq showed dynamic chromatin accessibility, stage-specific promoter openness, and motifs for YY1, KLF5, and KLF4. Differentially accessible regions enriched genes in Wnt and TGF-β signaling, cell adhesion, and mitophagy, shifting from proliferation and basic metabolism at E10-E13 to differentiation, lipid metabolism, and homeostasis at E13-E18. Integrated analyses linked fatty acid metabolism, MAPK, and FoxO signaling to differentiation, while downregulation of redox and migration pathways preserved homeostasis. Some fatty acid metabolism and cell polarity genes increased expression despite reduced accessibility at E13-E18, indicating epigenetic pre-programming and post-transcriptional interplay. This work delineates coordinated epigenetic-transcriptional regulation of goose embryonic skin and feather follicle morphogenesis, offering insights for avian and vertebrate skin appendage studies.</p>

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Dynamic epigenetic and transcriptomic reprogramming during embryonic skin development in goose (Anser anser domesticus)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月21日

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  • Yuxuan Zhou,
  • Xinyue Li,
  • Jingbo Wang,
  • Ichraf Mabrouk,
  • Qiuyuan Liu,
  • Yupu Song,
  • Hongxiao Pan,
  • Jingyun Ma,
  • Xinwen Zhang,
  • Jingtao Hu,
  • Yongfeng Sun

摘要

Feather follicles are specialized skin appendages that are essential for thermoregulation, protection, and down production in birds, forming through complex genetic and epigenetic interactions during embryogenesis. In this study, we examined skin and follicle development in Hungarian white goose embryos, focusing on dynamic epigenetic-transcriptomic changes. Histology showed smooth epidermis at E10, feather buds at E13, and columnar follicles with medullary tissue and secondary follicles at E18. Transcriptomics revealed 1327 and 1847 DEGs enriched in epidermal development, differentiation, and adhesion. Primordial initiation at E10-E13 featured Wnt, TGF-β, and melanogenesis, whereas follicle formation at E13-E18 involved lipid metabolism and VEGF signaling. Keratinization genes were continuously upregulated, and Wnt, Shh, and muscle pathways were activated late. Key regulators included LEF1, MSX2, and FOXN1. ATAC-seq showed dynamic chromatin accessibility, stage-specific promoter openness, and motifs for YY1, KLF5, and KLF4. Differentially accessible regions enriched genes in Wnt and TGF-β signaling, cell adhesion, and mitophagy, shifting from proliferation and basic metabolism at E10-E13 to differentiation, lipid metabolism, and homeostasis at E13-E18. Integrated analyses linked fatty acid metabolism, MAPK, and FoxO signaling to differentiation, while downregulation of redox and migration pathways preserved homeostasis. Some fatty acid metabolism and cell polarity genes increased expression despite reduced accessibility at E13-E18, indicating epigenetic pre-programming and post-transcriptional interplay. This work delineates coordinated epigenetic-transcriptional regulation of goose embryonic skin and feather follicle morphogenesis, offering insights for avian and vertebrate skin appendage studies.