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<p>Swimming performance is critical to the survival of fish, influencing behaviors such as foraging, predator avoidance, and habitat selection. However, most previous studies have focused on a single type of swimming performance, with limited attention to the integration and interrelation of different swimming performances within the same individual. In this study, we systematically evaluated the relationships among critical swimming speed (U<sub>crit</sub>), burst swimming speed (U<sub>burst</sub>), and endurance time in the large yellow croaker (<i>Larimichthys crocea</i>), and investigated the physiological basis underlying individual variation in swimming performance. Using three distinct swimming test protocols, we comprehensively evaluated various types of swimming performance in the same fish. Our findings revealed that the distributions of U<sub>crit</sub>, U<sub>burst</sub>, and endurance time approximated normality, with U<sub>crit</sub> displaying significant positive correlations with both U<sub>burst</sub> and endurance duration. Histological observations revealed qualitative structural differences in red muscle between groups. Superior swimmers (SS) exhibited more orderly and compact red muscle myofibrils and better-preserved mitochondrial morphology, whereas inferior swimmers (IS) showed disrupted myofibrillar organization and mitochondrial damage. Moreover, these SS individuals exhibited significantly higher activities of key metabolic enzymes (phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase) in white muscle tissue. Together, these results indicate that muscle structural characteristics and metabolic enzyme capacities contribute to individual variation in swimming performance. Our findings highlight that swimming performance is a complex integrative trait shaped by multiple interacting physiological factors, and provide a theoretical foundation for improving the health, welfare, and sustainability of offshore aquaculture practices for large yellow croaker.</p>

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Integrative Assessment of Interrelated Swimming Performances and their Physiological Basis in Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Wei Liu,
  • Junjia Zeng,
  • Jiaxing Liu,
  • Tingsen Jiang,
  • Yacheng Deng,
  • Pengxin Jiang,
  • Yin Li,
  • Ningyuan Ding,
  • Yichen Li,
  • Yujia Chen,
  • Chuan Deng,
  • Haojie Li,
  • Mingtao Zhuo,
  • Wenjing Lu,
  • Fei Pu,
  • Ning Li,
  • Tao Zhou,
  • Peng Xu

摘要

Swimming performance is critical to the survival of fish, influencing behaviors such as foraging, predator avoidance, and habitat selection. However, most previous studies have focused on a single type of swimming performance, with limited attention to the integration and interrelation of different swimming performances within the same individual. In this study, we systematically evaluated the relationships among critical swimming speed (Ucrit), burst swimming speed (Uburst), and endurance time in the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), and investigated the physiological basis underlying individual variation in swimming performance. Using three distinct swimming test protocols, we comprehensively evaluated various types of swimming performance in the same fish. Our findings revealed that the distributions of Ucrit, Uburst, and endurance time approximated normality, with Ucrit displaying significant positive correlations with both Uburst and endurance duration. Histological observations revealed qualitative structural differences in red muscle between groups. Superior swimmers (SS) exhibited more orderly and compact red muscle myofibrils and better-preserved mitochondrial morphology, whereas inferior swimmers (IS) showed disrupted myofibrillar organization and mitochondrial damage. Moreover, these SS individuals exhibited significantly higher activities of key metabolic enzymes (phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase) in white muscle tissue. Together, these results indicate that muscle structural characteristics and metabolic enzyme capacities contribute to individual variation in swimming performance. Our findings highlight that swimming performance is a complex integrative trait shaped by multiple interacting physiological factors, and provide a theoretical foundation for improving the health, welfare, and sustainability of offshore aquaculture practices for large yellow croaker.