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<p>The current work aimed to formulate Rosemary essential oil nanoparticles (Ros-ES-NPs) and evaluate their antimicrobial effect in comparison with free oil (Ros- ES). Physicochemical characterization was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, transmission electron microscop y (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The cytotoxic activity of Ros-ES-NPs on human lung fibroblast cell line (Wi-38) was examined in comparison with Ros- ES using MTT assay. Ros-ES exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with an IC<sub>50</sub> of approximately 6.06&#xa0;mg/ml on Wi-38. In contrast, the Ros-ES-NPs not only showed no toxicity but actually appeared to increase cell viability (up to ≈ 136%) possibly due to high metabolic actvity.</p><p>The antimicrobial activity of Ros-ES and Ros-ES-NPs was evaluated against three isolates of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, comprising two Gram-negative isolates (<i>Shigella flexneri and Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>) and one Gram-positive isolate (<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>), alongside C<i>andida albicans</i> as the fungal pathogen. Ros-ES-NPs showed a significant antimicrobial efficacy against all isolates under study where, at 25&#xa0;mg/ml, Ros-ES inhibited <i>K. pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri</i> by 55.16 ± 0.09% and 76.47 ± 1.16%, respectively, whereas Ros-ES-NPs showed inhibition rates of 95.66 ± 9.74% and 87.13 ± 2.63%, respectively. Against <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, at 25&#xa0;mg/ml, Ros-ES inhibited by 68.75 ± 0.60%, while Ros-ES-NPs exhibited a higher inhibition rate of 80.73 ± 5.6%. In case of <i>C. albicans</i>, Ros-Es showed a higher inhibition (81.85 ± 0.54) than Ros-Es-NPs (60.39 ± 5.69). Rosemary essential oil nano-formulation significantly enhances antibacterial efficacy while improving biocompatibility and inducing pronounced microbial DNA damage.</p>

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Rosemary essential oil nanoparticles enhance antimicrobial activity and induce bacterial DNA disruption

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Habiba A. Ahmed,
  • Hala El-Adawi,
  • Asmaa Abdel-Fattah,
  • Abeer E. Abd El-Wahab

摘要

The current work aimed to formulate Rosemary essential oil nanoparticles (Ros-ES-NPs) and evaluate their antimicrobial effect in comparison with free oil (Ros- ES). Physicochemical characterization was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, transmission electron microscop y (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The cytotoxic activity of Ros-ES-NPs on human lung fibroblast cell line (Wi-38) was examined in comparison with Ros- ES using MTT assay. Ros-ES exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with an IC50 of approximately 6.06 mg/ml on Wi-38. In contrast, the Ros-ES-NPs not only showed no toxicity but actually appeared to increase cell viability (up to ≈ 136%) possibly due to high metabolic actvity.

The antimicrobial activity of Ros-ES and Ros-ES-NPs was evaluated against three isolates of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, comprising two Gram-negative isolates (Shigella flexneri and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and one Gram-positive isolate (Streptococcus pneumoniae), alongside Candida albicans as the fungal pathogen. Ros-ES-NPs showed a significant antimicrobial efficacy against all isolates under study where, at 25 mg/ml, Ros-ES inhibited K. pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri by 55.16 ± 0.09% and 76.47 ± 1.16%, respectively, whereas Ros-ES-NPs showed inhibition rates of 95.66 ± 9.74% and 87.13 ± 2.63%, respectively. Against Streptococcus pneumoniae, at 25 mg/ml, Ros-ES inhibited by 68.75 ± 0.60%, while Ros-ES-NPs exhibited a higher inhibition rate of 80.73 ± 5.6%. In case of C. albicans, Ros-Es showed a higher inhibition (81.85 ± 0.54) than Ros-Es-NPs (60.39 ± 5.69). Rosemary essential oil nano-formulation significantly enhances antibacterial efficacy while improving biocompatibility and inducing pronounced microbial DNA damage.