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<p>Direct-ink-writing (DIW) 3D printing has emerged as an indispensable advanced manufacturing technology in biomedical engineering owing to its material compatibility, structural precision, and multimaterial integration capabilities. By digitally programming hydrogel ink deposition, DIW 3D printing enables the controllable fabrication of high-performance hydrogel bioelectronic devices featuring complex 3D architectures, high-fidelity electrophysiological recording/stimulation, and mechanical compliance with soft tissues, thereby establishing a technological foundation for next-generation personalized medical electronics. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress in DIW-printed hydrogel bioelectronics, first elaborating design strategies for hydrogel inks that reconcile printability with functionality through synergistic engineering of rheological behavior, electrical conductivity, tissue adhesion, and biocompatibility. We comprehensively analyzed state-of-the-art wearable and implantable devices fabricated <i>via</i> DIW 3D printing, highlighting their advantages in electrophysiological monitoring, precision stimulation, and biosensing. Finally, we conclude by critically evaluating the current challenges and future directions, thereby establishing a framework for DIW 3D printing to become a foundational platform for customized biointegrated interfaces.</p>

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Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing of Hydrogel Bioelectronics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Yu Xue,
  • Fu-Cheng Wang,
  • Qiao-Bo Wang,
  • Liang-Jie Shan,
  • Hui Li,
  • Ji Liu

摘要

Direct-ink-writing (DIW) 3D printing has emerged as an indispensable advanced manufacturing technology in biomedical engineering owing to its material compatibility, structural precision, and multimaterial integration capabilities. By digitally programming hydrogel ink deposition, DIW 3D printing enables the controllable fabrication of high-performance hydrogel bioelectronic devices featuring complex 3D architectures, high-fidelity electrophysiological recording/stimulation, and mechanical compliance with soft tissues, thereby establishing a technological foundation for next-generation personalized medical electronics. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress in DIW-printed hydrogel bioelectronics, first elaborating design strategies for hydrogel inks that reconcile printability with functionality through synergistic engineering of rheological behavior, electrical conductivity, tissue adhesion, and biocompatibility. We comprehensively analyzed state-of-the-art wearable and implantable devices fabricated via DIW 3D printing, highlighting their advantages in electrophysiological monitoring, precision stimulation, and biosensing. Finally, we conclude by critically evaluating the current challenges and future directions, thereby establishing a framework for DIW 3D printing to become a foundational platform for customized biointegrated interfaces.