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<p>Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized oncology by harnessing the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells, yet its clinical efficacy is often limited by tumor immune evasion, low immunogenicity, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent advances in nanotechnology offer opportunities to overcome these barriers by precisely modulating both tumor and immune landscapes. In this review, we summarize three representative strategies developed by our group: (i) surface-adaptive nanomaterials (SANs), which respond dynamically to physiological and tumor-specific cues to enable prolonged systemic circulation, efficient barrier translocation, and controlled intratumoral activation; (ii) antigen-engineering nanoplatforms, designed to enhance tumor immunogenicity <i>via</i> delivering exogenous antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), inducing tumor cells to re-express or re-generate, or anchoring immunogenic epitopes onto tumor surfaces, thereby promoting T cell activation and converting “cold” tumors into “hot” ones; and (iii) TME-modulating nanomaterials, which alleviate immune suppression <i>via</i> targeted delivery of inhibitors, neutralization or degradation of suppressive cytokines, and gene-level reprogramming of tumors to restore effector immunity. Together, these approaches provide a multifaceted framework for reinvigorating antitumor immune responses and offer mechanistic insights and design principles for the next generation of bioactive polymeric nanomaterials with potential translational application in cancer immunotherapy.</p>

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Bioactive Nanomaterials for Cancer Immunotherapy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Zhan-Zhan Zhang,
  • Kai-Jia Liu,
  • Qiu-Shi Li,
  • Yang Liu

摘要

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized oncology by harnessing the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells, yet its clinical efficacy is often limited by tumor immune evasion, low immunogenicity, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent advances in nanotechnology offer opportunities to overcome these barriers by precisely modulating both tumor and immune landscapes. In this review, we summarize three representative strategies developed by our group: (i) surface-adaptive nanomaterials (SANs), which respond dynamically to physiological and tumor-specific cues to enable prolonged systemic circulation, efficient barrier translocation, and controlled intratumoral activation; (ii) antigen-engineering nanoplatforms, designed to enhance tumor immunogenicity via delivering exogenous antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), inducing tumor cells to re-express or re-generate, or anchoring immunogenic epitopes onto tumor surfaces, thereby promoting T cell activation and converting “cold” tumors into “hot” ones; and (iii) TME-modulating nanomaterials, which alleviate immune suppression via targeted delivery of inhibitors, neutralization or degradation of suppressive cytokines, and gene-level reprogramming of tumors to restore effector immunity. Together, these approaches provide a multifaceted framework for reinvigorating antitumor immune responses and offer mechanistic insights and design principles for the next generation of bioactive polymeric nanomaterials with potential translational application in cancer immunotherapy.