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<p>This study aimed to systematically regulate the performance of 4D printing composites by investigating the synergistic effects of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene (MAH-<i>g</i>-PE) on a poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic polyurethane (PLA/TPU) matrix. Specifically, using a 70 wt%/30 wt% PLA/TPU matrix and an L<sub>9</sub>(3<sup>2</sup>) orthogonal design, composites were evaluated <i>via</i> morphology, shape memory, mechanical tests, and multi-criteria analysis. Moderate DCP enhanced crosslinking, improving storage modulus and thermal stability, while excessive DCP caused brittleness. Furthermore, MAH-<i>g</i>-PE effectively improved interfacial compatibility, and its synergy with DCP was dosage-dependent. Consequently, Sample 5 achieved optimal performance, exhibiting uniform fracture morphology, a shape fixation rate of 98.8% with the fastest recovery, and balanced strength-ductility. Multi-criteria analysis identified elongation at break and recovery time as the top contributing factors, with consistent rankings validated by Spearman analysis (<i>ρ</i>=0.833, <i>p</i>&lt;0.01). In summary, adjusting DCP and MAH-<i>g</i>-PE contents effectively modulates the crosslinking structure and interfacial properties of PLA/TPU composites, providing a viable strategy for developing high-performance, tunable 4D printing materials.</p>

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Optimization of 4D Printing Performance of Poly(lactic acid)/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composites via Orthogonal Design and the Synergistic Effect of Crosslinking Agent-coupling Agent

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月5日

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  • Zhen Liu,
  • Bo Wang,
  • Shi-Cheng Wei,
  • Wei Huang,
  • Yu-Jiang Wang,
  • Xin-Yang Wang,
  • Rui-Dong Shi,
  • Zheng-Jie Yang

摘要

This study aimed to systematically regulate the performance of 4D printing composites by investigating the synergistic effects of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene (MAH-g-PE) on a poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic polyurethane (PLA/TPU) matrix. Specifically, using a 70 wt%/30 wt% PLA/TPU matrix and an L9(32) orthogonal design, composites were evaluated via morphology, shape memory, mechanical tests, and multi-criteria analysis. Moderate DCP enhanced crosslinking, improving storage modulus and thermal stability, while excessive DCP caused brittleness. Furthermore, MAH-g-PE effectively improved interfacial compatibility, and its synergy with DCP was dosage-dependent. Consequently, Sample 5 achieved optimal performance, exhibiting uniform fracture morphology, a shape fixation rate of 98.8% with the fastest recovery, and balanced strength-ductility. Multi-criteria analysis identified elongation at break and recovery time as the top contributing factors, with consistent rankings validated by Spearman analysis (ρ=0.833, p<0.01). In summary, adjusting DCP and MAH-g-PE contents effectively modulates the crosslinking structure and interfacial properties of PLA/TPU composites, providing a viable strategy for developing high-performance, tunable 4D printing materials.