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<p>Conducting hydrogels have garnered significant interest in the field of wearable electronics. However, simultaneously achieving high transparency, high conductivity, strong adhesion, and self-healing ability within a short time remains a major challenge. In this study, a multifunctional mussel-inspired hydrogel was synthesized in only 5 min, with polydopamine (PDA)-polypyrrole (Ppy)-polyaniline (PANi) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanoparticles incorporated into the polyacrylamide (PAM) network. The resulting hydrogel exhibited high transparency (about 90% light transmission in the range of 400–800 nm), high conductivity ((95.4±0.4)×10<sup>−4</sup> S/cm), tensile strength (32.60±1.03 kPa), strain at break (904.46%±11.50%), and adhesive strength (30–60 kPa). It also demonstrated rapid self-healing properties (about 48% strength recovery within 1 h at 50 °C) and water-dependent shape memory behavior. As a wearable strain sensor, the hydrogel successfully detected finger flexion, wrist movements, facial expression changes, and breathing with high sensitivity and stability. The calculated gauge factor (GF) was 7.44±0.31, which is higher than that of many previously reported hydrogels. Compared with previous oyster-inspired or Ppy-based hydrogels, our system showed a much shorter synthesis time, higher transparency, and enhanced multifunctionality. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed hydrogel for next-generation flexible electronics, e-skin, and biomedical monitoring devices.</p>

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Flexible Mussel-inspired Hydrogel with Polyaniline and Polypyrrole for Transparent Wearable Strain Sensors: Investigation of Physical Properties, Self-healing, and Electrical Conductivity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月25日

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  • Ghazaleh Mirzaei,
  • Akbar Mirzaei,
  • Shahrzad Javanshir

摘要

Conducting hydrogels have garnered significant interest in the field of wearable electronics. However, simultaneously achieving high transparency, high conductivity, strong adhesion, and self-healing ability within a short time remains a major challenge. In this study, a multifunctional mussel-inspired hydrogel was synthesized in only 5 min, with polydopamine (PDA)-polypyrrole (Ppy)-polyaniline (PANi) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanoparticles incorporated into the polyacrylamide (PAM) network. The resulting hydrogel exhibited high transparency (about 90% light transmission in the range of 400–800 nm), high conductivity ((95.4±0.4)×10−4 S/cm), tensile strength (32.60±1.03 kPa), strain at break (904.46%±11.50%), and adhesive strength (30–60 kPa). It also demonstrated rapid self-healing properties (about 48% strength recovery within 1 h at 50 °C) and water-dependent shape memory behavior. As a wearable strain sensor, the hydrogel successfully detected finger flexion, wrist movements, facial expression changes, and breathing with high sensitivity and stability. The calculated gauge factor (GF) was 7.44±0.31, which is higher than that of many previously reported hydrogels. Compared with previous oyster-inspired or Ppy-based hydrogels, our system showed a much shorter synthesis time, higher transparency, and enhanced multifunctionality. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed hydrogel for next-generation flexible electronics, e-skin, and biomedical monitoring devices.