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<p>Accurate characterization of the optical properties of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissue is essential for reliable modeling of light–tissue interactions in laser-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this study, the absorption coefficient (µa), scattering coefficient (µs), anisotropy factor (g), and reduced scattering coefficient (µs′) of RCC tissues were systematically evaluated at wavelengths of 637, 785, and 850&#xa0;nm under continuous-wave (CW) and 1000 ms pulsed diode laser illumination. RCC samples with thicknesses ranging from 0.8 to 2.0&#xa0;mm were analyzed using a calibrated dual integrating sphere system to measure total reflectance, total transmittance, and unscattered transmittance under controlled and reproducible conditions. The optical parameters were reconstructed using the Inverse Adding–Doubling (IAD) method, and the effects of wavelength and laser modulation were statistically assessed using two-way ANOVA. The results demonstrated that wavelength significantly influenced µs and g, while µs’ exhibited a strong modulation-dependent response under pulsed illumination. In contrast, µa showed a monotonic spectral trend without reaching statistical significance. In addition, pulsed laser illumination resulted in a statistically significant increase in µs′ at 850&#xa0;nm (<i>p</i> = 0.0286), indicating a modulation-dependent alteration in scattering behavior. Compared to reported values for healthy kidney tissue, RCC samples exhibited higher µa and µs′, along with lower µs and g values, reflecting microstructural changes associated with malignant transformation. This study represents the first multi-wavelength diode laser investigation integrating CW–pulsed modulation with IAD-based optical property reconstruction for RCC tissue. The findings provide experimentally validated optical parameters for improved light transport modeling and have direct implications for photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and optical imaging applications involving renal malignancies.</p>

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Comparative optical characterization of renal cell carcinoma

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Mehmet Bahadir Celik,
  • Ibrahim Kucukkara

摘要

Accurate characterization of the optical properties of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissue is essential for reliable modeling of light–tissue interactions in laser-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this study, the absorption coefficient (µa), scattering coefficient (µs), anisotropy factor (g), and reduced scattering coefficient (µs′) of RCC tissues were systematically evaluated at wavelengths of 637, 785, and 850 nm under continuous-wave (CW) and 1000 ms pulsed diode laser illumination. RCC samples with thicknesses ranging from 0.8 to 2.0 mm were analyzed using a calibrated dual integrating sphere system to measure total reflectance, total transmittance, and unscattered transmittance under controlled and reproducible conditions. The optical parameters were reconstructed using the Inverse Adding–Doubling (IAD) method, and the effects of wavelength and laser modulation were statistically assessed using two-way ANOVA. The results demonstrated that wavelength significantly influenced µs and g, while µs’ exhibited a strong modulation-dependent response under pulsed illumination. In contrast, µa showed a monotonic spectral trend without reaching statistical significance. In addition, pulsed laser illumination resulted in a statistically significant increase in µs′ at 850 nm (p = 0.0286), indicating a modulation-dependent alteration in scattering behavior. Compared to reported values for healthy kidney tissue, RCC samples exhibited higher µa and µs′, along with lower µs and g values, reflecting microstructural changes associated with malignant transformation. This study represents the first multi-wavelength diode laser investigation integrating CW–pulsed modulation with IAD-based optical property reconstruction for RCC tissue. The findings provide experimentally validated optical parameters for improved light transport modeling and have direct implications for photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and optical imaging applications involving renal malignancies.