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<p>The persistence of pharmaceutical contaminants such as ibuprofen (IBF) in surface and drinking waters presents significant environmental and public-health concerns. This study evaluates a two-stage hybrid treatment system coupling TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalysis with nanofiltration (NF) for efficient IBF removal from aqueous matrices. Photocatalytic parameters pH, catalyst dose, agitation, and salinity were optimized, yielding up to 98% IBF degradation in synthetic water under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; the subsequent NF polishing step eliminated residual IBF to &gt; 99.9% overall and reduced COD to below the detection limit. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed a spontaneous, exothermic process (ΔG° &lt; 0, ΔH° &lt; 0). Validation in real dam water (pH 7.9; COD 5.2 O<sub>2</sub> L<sup>-1</sup>.; EC 797 µS cm<sup>-1</sup>; UV<sub>254</sub> 0.032 cm<sup>-1</sup>) confirmed robustness (with 95% degradation prior to NF, &gt; 99.9% overall removal, and COD below detection). The integrated system mitigated membrane fouling, sustained high rejection, and produced reusable effluent. These findings demonstrate the viability of TiO<sub>2</sub>–NF coupling as a scalable solution for the treatment of pharmaceutical-contaminated water.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Integrated TiO2 photocatalysis–nanofiltration process for complete ibuprofen removal from water

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Sami Khettaf,
  • Rida Masmoudi,
  • Roumaissa Boumaraf,
  • Fatiha Benmahdi,
  • Mousaab Belarbi,
  • Oussama Zeggai,
  • Azedine Ferhati

摘要

The persistence of pharmaceutical contaminants such as ibuprofen (IBF) in surface and drinking waters presents significant environmental and public-health concerns. This study evaluates a two-stage hybrid treatment system coupling TiO2 photocatalysis with nanofiltration (NF) for efficient IBF removal from aqueous matrices. Photocatalytic parameters pH, catalyst dose, agitation, and salinity were optimized, yielding up to 98% IBF degradation in synthetic water under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; the subsequent NF polishing step eliminated residual IBF to > 99.9% overall and reduced COD to below the detection limit. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed a spontaneous, exothermic process (ΔG° < 0, ΔH° < 0). Validation in real dam water (pH 7.9; COD 5.2 O2 L-1.; EC 797 µS cm-1; UV254 0.032 cm-1) confirmed robustness (with 95% degradation prior to NF, > 99.9% overall removal, and COD below detection). The integrated system mitigated membrane fouling, sustained high rejection, and produced reusable effluent. These findings demonstrate the viability of TiO2–NF coupling as a scalable solution for the treatment of pharmaceutical-contaminated water.

Graphical Abstract