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<p>India, having the fastest-growing economy, grapples with severe air pollution. Coal-based thermal power plants (TPPs) contribute to air pollution through emissions of SO<sub>2</sub> and secondary sulfate PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD), a critical SO<sub>2</sub> control technology, despite its efficacy, faces challenges due to high capital and operational costs. This study presents cost and control effectiveness analysis of FGD technology in Indian TPPs, focusing on Total Capital Expenditure (TCI), Direct Annual Cost (DAC), and Total Annual Cost (TAC) for integrated and retrofit installation. The TCI for new integrated FGD is USD ($)125.8 million/GW, DAC $14.6 million/GW, and TAC $23.2 million/GW for sub-bituminous coal. TCI for retrofit is 30%, DAC 5%, and TAC is 15% higher than the integrated FGD. Ultra-supercritical TPP using sub-bituminous coal shows the lowest costs compared to super and subcritical plants. Cost analysis of existing TPPs (225 GW) showed that FGD should be preferred for TPPs ≥ 500 MW or those installed after 2017 (148&#xa0;GW). FGD installation on these TPPs can reduce SO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 83% with an investment of $ 68.8 billion over TPPs average remaining life of next 20&#xa0;years. The study concludes that economic sustainability and retrofitting challenges of FGD technology in India require an optimal cost-effective approach to cleaner energy production.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Economic analysis of flue gas desulfurization for SO2 control on 225 GW Indian coal-based thermal power plants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Rajesh Sahu,
  • Mukesh Sharma,
  • Pavan K. Nagar

摘要

India, having the fastest-growing economy, grapples with severe air pollution. Coal-based thermal power plants (TPPs) contribute to air pollution through emissions of SO2 and secondary sulfate PM2.5. Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD), a critical SO2 control technology, despite its efficacy, faces challenges due to high capital and operational costs. This study presents cost and control effectiveness analysis of FGD technology in Indian TPPs, focusing on Total Capital Expenditure (TCI), Direct Annual Cost (DAC), and Total Annual Cost (TAC) for integrated and retrofit installation. The TCI for new integrated FGD is USD ($)125.8 million/GW, DAC $14.6 million/GW, and TAC $23.2 million/GW for sub-bituminous coal. TCI for retrofit is 30%, DAC 5%, and TAC is 15% higher than the integrated FGD. Ultra-supercritical TPP using sub-bituminous coal shows the lowest costs compared to super and subcritical plants. Cost analysis of existing TPPs (225 GW) showed that FGD should be preferred for TPPs ≥ 500 MW or those installed after 2017 (148 GW). FGD installation on these TPPs can reduce SO2 emissions by 83% with an investment of $ 68.8 billion over TPPs average remaining life of next 20 years. The study concludes that economic sustainability and retrofitting challenges of FGD technology in India require an optimal cost-effective approach to cleaner energy production.

Graphical Abstract