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<p>In India, road transport accounts for 90% (0.45 Gt CO<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_{2} eq.\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mn>2</mn> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> <mi>e</mi> <mi>q</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of the greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector. Light-duty vehicles (LDV) were responsible for 23.7% of total GHG emissions from the road transport sector. Hence, mitigating the emissions from LDVs is necessary to meet India’s updated nationally determined contributions. The study assesses the life cycle of 17 LDVs with different powertrains using GREET and SimaPro software. The carbon emissions of electric vehicles (EV), namely Nexon long (sport utility vehicle), Tigor (sedan), and Tiago (hatchback), were lower than those of LDVs energized with fossil fuels regardless of vehicle segment, due to their lower energy consumption. However, EVs performed worse in 16 other environmental categories except for fossil resource scarcity, which can be attributed to the 72.6% share of coal-based electricity in the Indian grid mix. Interestingly, even with 75% renewable electricity, the performance of EVs in 16 other environmental categories remained unchanged compared to LDVs fueled by compressed natural gas. Even with a transition to 100% renewable electricity, EVs demonstrated lower impacts than fossil-fueled LDVs only in categories such as global warming, ozone formation (affecting both human health and terrestrial ecosystems), marine eutrophication, human carcinogenic toxicity, and fossil resource scarcity, due to the presence of Li-ion batteries. Nevertheless, repurposing EV batteries for electricity storage can mitigate the need for lead-acid batteries, thereby enabling EVs to achieve lower impacts on stratospheric ozone depletion and fine particulate matter formation compared to internal combustion engine vehicles.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Are electric vehicles green? Sustainability assessment of light-duty vehicles in India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • V. S. Vigneswaran,
  • Sarath C. Gowd,
  • Manaswini Mirthipati,
  • Karthikeyan Meenatchisundaram,
  • Karthik Rajendran

摘要

In India, road transport accounts for 90% (0.45 Gt CO \(_{2} eq.\) 2 e q . ) of the greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector. Light-duty vehicles (LDV) were responsible for 23.7% of total GHG emissions from the road transport sector. Hence, mitigating the emissions from LDVs is necessary to meet India’s updated nationally determined contributions. The study assesses the life cycle of 17 LDVs with different powertrains using GREET and SimaPro software. The carbon emissions of electric vehicles (EV), namely Nexon long (sport utility vehicle), Tigor (sedan), and Tiago (hatchback), were lower than those of LDVs energized with fossil fuels regardless of vehicle segment, due to their lower energy consumption. However, EVs performed worse in 16 other environmental categories except for fossil resource scarcity, which can be attributed to the 72.6% share of coal-based electricity in the Indian grid mix. Interestingly, even with 75% renewable electricity, the performance of EVs in 16 other environmental categories remained unchanged compared to LDVs fueled by compressed natural gas. Even with a transition to 100% renewable electricity, EVs demonstrated lower impacts than fossil-fueled LDVs only in categories such as global warming, ozone formation (affecting both human health and terrestrial ecosystems), marine eutrophication, human carcinogenic toxicity, and fossil resource scarcity, due to the presence of Li-ion batteries. Nevertheless, repurposing EV batteries for electricity storage can mitigate the need for lead-acid batteries, thereby enabling EVs to achieve lower impacts on stratospheric ozone depletion and fine particulate matter formation compared to internal combustion engine vehicles.

Graphical abstract