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<p>This study investigates the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a turbocharged compression ignition (CI) engine operating with diesel–biodiesel–ethanol (DBE) blends under part-load conditions. Biodiesel used in this study was derived from Jatropha curcas oil via transesterification and blended at 15% volume concentration with diesel to form a base blend (B15), which was subsequently enriched with varying ethanol concentrations (5–20%&#xa0;v/v). The fuel blends were tested at engine speeds ranging from 1500 to 2100&#xa0;RPM and torque levels of 25% and 50%. Results revealed that ethanol addition increased BSFC by 21–23% while reducing thermal efficiency by up to 8.8% under low-load conditions due to its lower heating value and high latent heat of vaporization. However, B15E15 achieved a maximum BTE of 39% at 1800&#xa0;RPM and 50% torque, approximately 5.4% higher than B7. The lambda factor decreased with ethanol concentration, indicating richer mixtures. Significant reductions in CO (up to 30%) and PM (up to 25%) emissions were observed, although NOx emissions increased moderately (up to 15%) with ethanol-rich blends. Energy conversion analysis confirmed more uniform and sustained combustion at higher ethanol ratios. The DBE blending approach using JME ensures renewable fuel integration while maintaining stable engine operation. These results suggest that B15E10 is optimal for medium-load operations, while B15E15 is most suitable under high-load conditions. Further research should explore multi-injection strategies, engine wear over extended use, and cold-start behavior of DBE fuels to establish their practical viability in real-world scenarios.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Performance and emission analysis of diesel–biodiesel–ethanol blends in a turbocharged CI engine: ignition delay and emission optimization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月29日

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  • Ratchagaraja Dhairiyasamy,
  • Deekshant Varshney,
  • Subhav Singh,
  • Deepika Gabiriel

摘要

This study investigates the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a turbocharged compression ignition (CI) engine operating with diesel–biodiesel–ethanol (DBE) blends under part-load conditions. Biodiesel used in this study was derived from Jatropha curcas oil via transesterification and blended at 15% volume concentration with diesel to form a base blend (B15), which was subsequently enriched with varying ethanol concentrations (5–20% v/v). The fuel blends were tested at engine speeds ranging from 1500 to 2100 RPM and torque levels of 25% and 50%. Results revealed that ethanol addition increased BSFC by 21–23% while reducing thermal efficiency by up to 8.8% under low-load conditions due to its lower heating value and high latent heat of vaporization. However, B15E15 achieved a maximum BTE of 39% at 1800 RPM and 50% torque, approximately 5.4% higher than B7. The lambda factor decreased with ethanol concentration, indicating richer mixtures. Significant reductions in CO (up to 30%) and PM (up to 25%) emissions were observed, although NOx emissions increased moderately (up to 15%) with ethanol-rich blends. Energy conversion analysis confirmed more uniform and sustained combustion at higher ethanol ratios. The DBE blending approach using JME ensures renewable fuel integration while maintaining stable engine operation. These results suggest that B15E10 is optimal for medium-load operations, while B15E15 is most suitable under high-load conditions. Further research should explore multi-injection strategies, engine wear over extended use, and cold-start behavior of DBE fuels to establish their practical viability in real-world scenarios.

Graphical abstract